Proteins
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Questions and Answers

Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet?

  • Dispensable/Non-Essential Amino Acids
  • Indispensable/Essential Amino Acids (correct)
  • All amino acids can be synthesized in the body
  • Conditionally Indispensable Amino Acids
  • What type of bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of an adjacent amino acid in protein structure?

  • Hydrogen bond
  • Disulfide bond
  • Peptide bond (correct)
  • Ionic bond
  • What is the term for a molecule composed of 10 or more amino acids and many peptide bonds?

  • Polypeptide (correct)
  • Oligopeptide
  • Dipeptide
  • Tripeptide
  • Which level of protein structure is determined by the orientation of secondary structure through disulfide bridges?

    <p>Tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factors can alter the structure of a protein?

    <p>all of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mutation on protein structure?

    <p>It alters all levels of protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of proteins involves the production of enzymes, hormones, and carriers?

    <p>Formation of essential compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antibodies?

    <p>To bind to antigens and eliminate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Increased production of glycoalkaloids in potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones increase the rate of protein synthesis?

    <p>Insulin and growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fate of the amino group (NH3) during protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of keto acids during protein metabolism?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects protein use?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess urea in the blood?

    <p>It is filtered by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about amino acids is true?

    <p>Excess protein intake has no connection to cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homocysteine?

    <p>A type of amino acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between protein intake and osteoporosis?

    <p>Protein intake increases calcium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widespread nutrition problem in the world?

    <p>Protein-energy malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Severe energy deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a complete protein?

    <p>Contains all 9 essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acid is most likely to be limiting in an incomplete protein?

    <p>Lysine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein?

    <p>The RDA for protein may not be the optimal protein intake for older adults.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>55 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with protein intake above 35% of total energy intake?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for power/strength athletes according to the text?

    <p>2.0 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dispensable/non-essential amino acids?

    <p>They must be supplied by the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>They have a total of 10 or more amino acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a molecule composed of 2 amino acid residues?

    <p>Dipeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a mutation that can alter the structure of a protein?

    <p>Alterations in base sequence of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Buffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman?

    <p>55 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following environmental factors can alter the structure of a protein?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to a negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Severe energy deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>82 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects protein use?

    <p>Physical trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is produced when Acetyl CoA levels become elevated?

    <p>Ketone bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to excess urea in the blood?

    <p>It is excreted by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect protein use?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fluid retention and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fate of the amino group (NH3) during protein metabolism?

    <p>Conversion to urea and excretion in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a complete protein?

    <p>Contains all essential amino acids in adequate amounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excess protein intake?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between protein intake and calcium loss in the body?

    <p>High protein intake leads to increased calcium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the structure of amino acids?

    <p>Amino acids contain an amino group (NH3+), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a conditionally indispensable amino acid?

    <p>Cysteine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To join amino acids in a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Source of Energy and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein?

    <p>It varies depending on age, sex, and activity level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet?

    <p>Essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Loss of tertiary structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Changes in protein sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary factor affecting protein turnover in the body?

    <p>Dietary protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of tryptophan in the body?

    <p>Precursor to niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fate of the amino group (NH3) during protein metabolism?

    <p>Production of urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Production of urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of keto acids during protein metabolism?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Low energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 125 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>45 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Physical activity level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for power/strength athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.2 - 1.7 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antibodies?

    <p>To fight against foreign substances in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>They have a three-dimensional structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between protein intake and osteoporosis?

    <p>High protein intake increases the risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to a positive nitrogen balance?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate nitrogen balance for an individual?

    <p>NB = 24 hour protein intake (grams)/6.25 + 4 g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Increased protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a complete protein?

    <p>Contains all 9 essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To join the amino group of one AA to the carboxyl group of another AA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>They determine the function of the protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a conditionally indispensable amino acid?

    <p>Tyrosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Decreased muscle mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of tryptophan in the body?

    <p>Precursor to niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Producing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in the body?

    <p>Defending against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Fluid retention and edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreased synthesis of liver proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Synthesis of liver proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect protein use?

    <p>Amino acid pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>Linking amino acids together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to a negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Severe energy deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>65 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To link amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>55 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Dietary intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for power/strength athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.2 - 1.7 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between protein intake and osteoporosis?

    <p>Higher protein intake increases the risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>It is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Protein-energy malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies?

    <p>Defense against foreign substances in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fate of keto acids after deamination?

    <p>Conversion to fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of excess urea in the blood?

    <p>Decreased pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Synthesis of liver proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Source of energy and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Synthesis of other nitrogen compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Loss of biological activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a complete protein?

    <p>Contains all essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary structure of a protein?

    <p>Orientation of secondary structure through disulfide bridges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Altered protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Low protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of keto acids during protein metabolism?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 125 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>60 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the relationship between the amount of nitrogen taken into the body and the amount lost in urine, feces, skin, hair, nails?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>Polypeptides contain 10 or more amino acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>Stabilize protein structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for protein?

    <p>The RDA for protein is higher for athletes and pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>Homocysteine is a precursor for the synthesis of methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 125 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>~45 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for power/strength athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.8 - 2.0 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>They provide structural stability to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the relationship between nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Buffering of pH levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a mutation that can alter the structure of a protein?

    <p>Alterations in base sequence of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Availability of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to a positive nitrogen balance?

    <p>High protein intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dispensable/non-essential amino acids?

    <p>They contain an amino group (NH2+), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To join amino acids and create polypeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Changes in temperature and pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of excessive protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased urea production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fate of the amino group (NH3) during protein metabolism?

    <p>Urea production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can affect protein use according to the text?

    <p>Amino acid pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of keto acids during protein metabolism?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins mentioned in the text?

    <p>Source of Energy and Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Deamination (degradation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>They have a specific three-dimensional structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>Participating in methylation reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for endurance athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.2 - 1.4 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein for adults 19+ years according to the text?

    <p>10 - 35% of total energy intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 150 lbs woman according to the text?

    <p>~55 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with protein intake above 35% of total energy intake according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Protein metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between protein intake and osteoporosis?

    <p>Protein intake is a risk factor for osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate nitrogen balance for an individual?

    <p>NB = 24 hour protein intake (grams)/6.25 - [24 hr urine urea nitrogen (g) + 4 g]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Severe energy deficiency, immobility, stress, injury, burns, infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for power/strength athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.2-2.0 grams/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To facilitate protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of essential amino acids?

    <p>They can be synthesized in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of peptide bonds in protein structure?

    <p>To join amino acids together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excessive protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Calcium loss in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreased immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of inadequate protein intake?

    <p>Decreased detoxification ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to denaturation of proteins?

    <p>High temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of denaturation of proteins?

    <p>Loss of protein function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Breakdown of proteins into amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of polypeptides?

    <p>Formed by peptide bonds between amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>Conversion to other amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of urea mentioned in the text?

    <p>Urea is used as a source of energy in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of excessive protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of kidney damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transamination in protein metabolism?

    <p>To convert amino acids into keto acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Decreased muscle mass and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the recommended daily amount of protein in grams for a 125 lbs woman?

    <p>45 g/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein intake in grams per kilogram of body weight for endurance athletes according to the text?

    <p>1.20 - 1.40 g/kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of inadequate protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation to calculate nitrogen balance for an individual?

    <p>Nitrogen intake - Nitrogen loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Severe energy deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate nitrogen balance for an individual?

    <p>NB = 24 hour protein intake (grams)/6.25 – [24 hr urine urea nitrogen (g)* + 4 g**]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of negative nitrogen balance?

    <p>Muscle wasting and weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the liver in protein metabolism?

    <p>Synthesis of plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of excess protein intake mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased risk of osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of homocysteine in the body?

    <p>To act as an independent risk factor for CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor affecting protein use?

    <p>Protein quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of the relationship between the amount of nitrogen taken into the body and the amount lost in urine, feces, skin, hair, and nails?

    <p>Nitrogen balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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