Constituents and their actions
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Questions and Answers

Which part of a plant are tannins usually found in?

  • Flowers
  • Stems
  • Leaves (correct)
  • Roots

    • Which herb is rich in hydrolyzable tannins and should be reserved for topical use?

  • Yarrow
  • Red Raspberry Leaf
  • Meadowsweet
  • Witch Hazel (correct)

    • Which system does Horsechestnut have an affinity for?

  • Kidneys
  • Cardiovascular System (correct)
  • Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Lungs

    • Which herb contains salicin, methyl salicylate, and salicylic acid?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action do salicylates have on the body?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which constituent of bitters acts as a bitter, digestive stimulant?

    <p>Gentian</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an action of mucilage?

    <p>Tonifying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herb is NOT an example of a demulcent?

    <p>White Willow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of emollients?

    <p>Promoting wound healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herb is NOT an example of a soothing expectorant?

    <p>Chickweed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an action of tannins?

    <p>Softening the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which herb is NOT an example of a vulnerary?

    <p>Chia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants contains alkaloids?

    <p>Green tea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants contains the largest subgroup of quinones?

    <p>Cascara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is associated with anthraquinones?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a safety concern associated with alkaloids?

    <p>Toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an adverse effect associated with anthraquinones?

    <p>Acute intestinal pain and cramping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ingestion of plants containing anthraquinones may lead to effects after how many hours?

    <p>6-8 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bitters?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of hepatoprotective herbs?

    <p>Support healthy liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of alteratives?

    <p>Restore proper nutrition and metabolic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of flavonoids?

    <p>Act as anti-oxidants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of volatile oils?

    <p>Beneficially affect the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as a nervine relaxant?

    <p>Lavender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as a nervine stimulant?

    <p>Peppermint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of rubefacients?

    <p>Draw blood from deeper parts of the body into the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as a nervine tonic?

    <p>Oat tops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as an immune stimulant/antimicrobial?

    <p>Echinacea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as a saponin stimulating expectorant?

    <p>Eucalyptus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following herbs is classified as an alkaloid anti-spasmodic?

    <p>Lobelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ arabica is a plant that contains alkaloids

    <p>Coffea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ sinensis is a plant that contains alkaloids

    <p>Camellia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones are the largest subgroup of ______

    <p>quinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones are responsible for ______ effects

    <p>laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is an example of a plant that contains anthraquinones

    <p>Cascara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Senna is an example of a plant that contains ______

    <p>Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aloe latex is an example of a plant that contains ______

    <p>Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Long term use of anthraquinones can cause ______

    <p>dependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthraquinones can cause electrolyte imbalances such as ______

    <p>hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is a safety concern associated with alkaloids

    <p>toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants to the type of alkaloid they contain:

    <p>Passiflora incarnata (Passionflower) = Indole Corydalis ambigua (Corydalis) = Isoquinoline Coffea arabica (Coffee) = Purine Camellia sinensis (Tea) = Purine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their constituents:

    <p>Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) = Anthraquinones Senna (Cassia angustifolia) = Anthraquinones Aloe latex (Aloe barbadensis) = Anthraquinones Turkey Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) = Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following early signs of alkaloid toxicity to their description:

    <p>Dry mouth &amp; eyes = Sign of dehydration Pupil dilation = Sign of nervous system stimulation Heart palpitation = Sign of cardiovascular system stimulation Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea = Sign of gastrointestinal system stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following safety concerns with the constituents they are associated with:

    <p>Toxicity = Alkaloids Acute intestinal pain &amp; cramping = Anthraquinones Dependence, electrolyte imbalances = Anthraquinones Dehydration, interfere with absorption of medications = Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with the constituents they are associated with:

    <p>Stimulant laxative effects = Anthraquinones Increased peristalsis = Anthraquinones Inhibition of water and electrolyte resorption = Anthraquinones 6 – 8 hours delay after ingestion before effects commence = Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants to the constituents they contain:

    <p>Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) = Anthraquinones Senna (Cassia angustifolia) = Anthraquinones Aloe latex (Aloe barbadensis) = Anthraquinones Turkey Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) = Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants to the type of alkaloid they contain:

    <p>Psilocybe sp, Lophophora williamsii (Peyote) = Indole Eschscholzia californica (California Poppy) = Isoquinoline Berberis aquifolium/vulgaris (Oregon Grape) = Isoquinoline Hydrastis canadensis (Goldenseal) = Isoquinoline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plants with their constituents:

    <p>Cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) = Anthraquinones Senna (Cassia angustifolia) = Anthraquinones Aloe latex (Aloe barbadensis) = Anthraquinones Turkey Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) = Anthraquinones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following safety concerns to the constituents they are associated with:

    <p>All alkaloids have the potential to be toxic = Alkaloids Must adhere to maximum weekly and daily doses with plants containing high levels of alkaloids = Alkaloids Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation = Alkaloids Early signs of toxicity: Dry mouth &amp; eyes = Alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following constituents to their subgroup:

    <p>Anthraquinones = Largest subgroup of quinones Alkaloids = Indole, Isoquinoline, Purine Indole = Subgroup of Alkaloids Isoquinoline = Subgroup of Alkaloids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plant Constituents and Actions

    • Tannins are primarily found in the bark, leaves, and fruits of plants.
    • Witch hazel is rich in hydrolyzable tannins and suitable for topical application.
    • Horsechestnut has an affinity for the circulatory system.
    • Willow contains salicin, methyl salicylate, and salicylic acid.
    • Salicylates provide anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the body.

    Bitters and Mucilage

    • Constituents of bitters act as digestive stimulants and enhance appetite.
    • Mucilage does not act as a stimulant, it is more soothing and protective.
    • Marshmallow is an example of a demulcent herb that soothes mucous membranes.

    Emollients and Expectorants

    • Emollients do not offer astringent properties; their primary function is to soften and soothe the skin.
    • Thyme is a herb that acts as a soothing expectorant, unlike others that do not provide this action.
    • Tannins do not possess anti-inflammatory actions.

    Vulneraries and Alkaloids

    • Comfrey is not classified as a vulnerary herb; it is used differently in herbal applications.
    • Plants like belladonna and opium poppy contain alkaloids.
    • Plants in the Rubiaceae family contain the largest subgroup of quinones.

    Anthraquinones and Safety Concerns

    • Anthraquinones are associated with laxative effects and may result in gastrointestinal irritation.
    • Safety concerns with alkaloids include potential toxicity and addiction.
    • Possible adverse effects of anthraquinones can include diarrhea and dehydration.

    Time and Characteristics of Plant Types

    • Ingestion of anthraquinone-containing plants may lead to effects within 6 to 12 hours.
    • Bitters are characterized by their ability to stimulate digestive juices.
    • Hepatoprotective herbs support liver function and protect against liver damage.
    • Alteratives aid in restoring normal health and improving blood quality.

    Constituents Overview

    • Flavonoids are known for their antioxidant properties.
    • Volatile oils provide aromatic characteristics and therapeutic effects in plants.

    Nervine Classifications and Immune Support

    • Lavender is classified as a nervine relaxant.
    • Ginseng is recognized as a nervine stimulant.
    • Cayenne can be categorized as a rubefacient, enhancing blood flow to the skin.
    • Echinacea serves as an immune stimulant and possesses antimicrobial properties.

    Saponins and Anti-Spasmodics

    • Licorice is a herb that acts as a saponin stimulating expectorant.
    • Lobelia is known for its alkaloid anti-spasmodic properties.

    Specific Plant Examples

    • Coffea arabica contains alkaloids that stimulate the central nervous system.
    • Camellia sinensis also contains significant alkaloids, particularly caffeine.
    • Anthraquinones comprise the largest subgroup of glycosides often associated with laxative effects.
    • Senna contains anthraquinones and is commonly used as a laxative.
    • Aloe latex provides anthraquinones and offers a natural laxative effect.

    Long-Term Effects and Electrolyte Imbalances

    • Long-term use of anthraquinones may lead to dependency or loss of bowel function.
    • Such use can cause electrolyte imbalances, notably hypokalemia.

    Matching Concepts

    • Knowledge of specific plants and their alkaloid types, constituents, and associated safety concerns is crucial for understanding herbal applications and risks.

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    Related Documents

    Herbal Constituents Actions PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the benefits of bitter greens and hepatics for digestion and detoxification. Learn about their ability to stimulate appetite, regulate blood sugars, aid liver function, and promote the release of digestive enzymes. Discover the difference between cholagogues and choleretics and their role in stimulating bile production. Take the quiz now to enhance your understanding of bitters and hepatics!

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