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Questions and Answers
What was the dominant English export prior to the Industrial Revolution?
What was the dominant English export prior to the Industrial Revolution?
Who began the construction of the massive stone fortress in London in the 1070s?
Who began the construction of the massive stone fortress in London in the 1070s?
What was the approximate population of London around the year 1100?
What was the approximate population of London around the year 1100?
Which group of people first settled in England during the Norman Conquest?
Which group of people first settled in England during the Norman Conquest?
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What was a significant economic role of the Jewish community in medieval England?
What was a significant economic role of the Jewish community in medieval England?
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What marked the period of the late Middle Ages in Britain?
What marked the period of the late Middle Ages in Britain?
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Which survey listed 112 boroughs in medieval England?
Which survey listed 112 boroughs in medieval England?
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Where did the Jewish immigrants in medieval England primarily settle first?
Where did the Jewish immigrants in medieval England primarily settle first?
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What type of language was primarily used in the government shortly after the Norman conquest?
What type of language was primarily used in the government shortly after the Norman conquest?
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Which language remained predominantly aristocratic throughout the period discussed?
Which language remained predominantly aristocratic throughout the period discussed?
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What was the main purpose of the Domesday Book created by William the Conqueror?
What was the main purpose of the Domesday Book created by William the Conqueror?
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By the early 12th century, what language was the aristocracy primarily speaking?
By the early 12th century, what language was the aristocracy primarily speaking?
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The evolution of Modern English from which combination of languages occurred?
The evolution of Modern English from which combination of languages occurred?
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Which event marked the beginning of the merging of Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon into one language?
Which event marked the beginning of the merging of Norman-French and Anglo-Saxon into one language?
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How did the Normans impact the ownership of land in England?
How did the Normans impact the ownership of land in England?
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What were the people of England primarily asked about during the Domesday Book survey?
What were the people of England primarily asked about during the Domesday Book survey?
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What was the outcome of the wars between the kings of England and Scotland?
What was the outcome of the wars between the kings of England and Scotland?
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Who was Edward I and what were some of his notable characteristics?
Who was Edward I and what were some of his notable characteristics?
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What significant action did Edward I take against England’s Jewish population?
What significant action did Edward I take against England’s Jewish population?
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Which event allowed Edward I to intervene in the Scottish succession crisis?
Which event allowed Edward I to intervene in the Scottish succession crisis?
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What was the significance of the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1328?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1328?
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What was Edward I's approach to funding his wars?
What was Edward I's approach to funding his wars?
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What did Edward I turn to for credit after expelling the Jews?
What did Edward I turn to for credit after expelling the Jews?
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Who was the infant heir to the Scottish throne after Alexander III's death?
Who was the infant heir to the Scottish throne after Alexander III's death?
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What significant event took place in 1066 related to the Norman Conquest?
What significant event took place in 1066 related to the Norman Conquest?
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Who led the invasion of England during the Norman Conquest?
Who led the invasion of England during the Norman Conquest?
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How did the Norman Conquest impact the English language?
How did the Norman Conquest impact the English language?
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What was the feudal system implemented by William the Conqueror?
What was the feudal system implemented by William the Conqueror?
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What role did William's illegitimacy play in his early life?
What role did William's illegitimacy play in his early life?
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When was William crowned King of England?
When was William crowned King of England?
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What language was predominantly used by the ruling class after the Norman Conquest?
What language was predominantly used by the ruling class after the Norman Conquest?
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What was a direct consequence of the Norman barons receiving land from William?
What was a direct consequence of the Norman barons receiving land from William?
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Study Notes
The Norman Conquest (1066)
- Last successful invasion of Britain occurred in 1066 by the Normans under William the Conqueror.
- Key battle: William defeated Harold, the Earl of Wessex, at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066.
- The death of the Anglo-Saxon King without an heir led to a power struggle between Harold and William.
- Harold crowned himself king, but faced a challenge from William, who gathered around 5,000 knights for invasion.
- William, illegitimate son of Duke Robert I of Normandy, became Duke of Normandy at age seven and developed strong leadership skills.
William's Reign and Language Impact
- William was crowned king of England on Christmas Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey.
- He was illiterate and did not speak English but significantly influenced the evolution of the English language.
- Normans imposed their French language on Anglo-Saxon, leading to coexistence of three languages: Latin in monasteries, Norman-French in aristocracy, and English among common people.
- The feudal system was organized under William; lands of Anglo-Saxon aristocracy were redistributed to Norman barons.
- The English became a servile class; all land was technically owned by the king but held by vassals.
The Domesday Book
- Commissioned by William in 1086 to survey land, property, and population for taxation purposes.
- It was the first economic survey in England, providing historians insight into life during the 11th and 12th centuries.
- The survey led to feelings of doom among the populace, hence the name “Domesday Book.”
Long-term Cultural Influence
- Following the conquest, English elite largely descended from French, affecting language, culture, and politics for centuries.
- The dominant English export became wool, remaining crucial until the Industrial Revolution.
- William constructed the Tower of London as a symbol of power, the first of its kind in England, using resources from Normandy.
Medieval Towns and Population
- Norman conquest revived urban life in England during the 11th and 12th centuries; 112 boroughs were listed in the Domesday Book.
- London emerged as the largest medieval city with an estimated population of about 18,000 in 1100.
- The Jewish population arrived with Norman conquests, initially thriving as moneylenders but facing eventual anti-Semitism.
Edward I and the Late Middle Ages
- Edward I (r. 1272-1307) was a competent king, recognized as a strong general and statesman; had an insatiable need for revenue.
- His policies targeted the Jewish community, leading to their expulsion in 1290, the first in medieval Europe.
- England's economy shifted to Italian banking systems post-expulsion, with Lombard Street named after Italian financiers.
Scottish Relations
- Edward I attempted to unite England and Scotland after the death of King Alexander III, leading to conflicts over succession.
- The Treaty of Edinburgh in 1328 marked a separate recognition of Scotland’s independence from England.
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Description
Explore the key events and impacts of the Norman Conquest of 1066, including the pivotal Battle of Hastings and the reign of William the Conqueror. Learn how this invasion transformed the English language and society significantly. Test your knowledge on the historical context and consequences of this turning point in British history.
