The Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Soft-bodied fossils are common due to their resistance to decomposition.

False (B)

What is the term for a change in DNA base sequence where one or more nucleotide bases are added to a gene?

Insertion mutation

A silent mutation occurs when a change in the DNA sequence results in the same ______ being produced.

amino acid

Which type of mutation is generally considered the least detrimental?

<p>Silent mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Fossil record = Provides evidence for the evolution of life on Earth Homologous structures = Similar anatomical features in different species that indicate a common ancestor Point mutation = A change in a single nucleotide base in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Kallmann syndrome primarily caused by?

<p>Deficiency of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acromegaly occurs during childhood due to excessive growth hormone production.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis?

<p>The process that keeps conditions inside the body steady.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dwarfism can be categorized into two types: proportionate and __________.

<p>disproportionate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone?

<p>Gigantism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Dwarfism = Condition with insufficient growth hormone Gigantism = Excess growth hormone in children Acromegaly = Excess growth hormone in adults Cushing syndrome = High levels of cortisol in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pineal gland helps prepare the body for sleep.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main systems that help maintain homeostasis?

<p>Nervous system and hormonal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a gene?

<p>To serve as a protein synthesis template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA is a double-stranded molecule similar to DNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the pancreas to raise blood sugar levels?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is involved in managing both long-term stress and blood sugar levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To transfer information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the glands located above the kidneys that produce hormones to manage stress called?

<p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four nucleotides in DNA are adenine, cytosine, guanine, and ______.

<p>thymine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of protein synthesis with their functions:

<p>Transcription = Process of converting DNA into mRNA Mutations = Changes in nucleotide sequences Ribosomes = Sites of protein synthesis DNA = Template for genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______________ is a gland in the neck that produces hormones controlling metabolism.

<p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

<p>Produce hormones to control body functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their functions:

<p>Adrenaline = Prepares body for fight or flight Insulin = Lowers blood sugar levels Cortisol = Manages long-term stress Glucagon = Raises blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The promoter region signals RNA polymerase to start transcription.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where the body maintains balance by adjusting hormone levels?

<p>Feedback system</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to species developing new characteristics for survival?

<p>Lack of water conservation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection can result in intermediate traits becoming more common within a population.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways natural selection can alter species?

<p>Directional Selection, Disruptive Selection, Stabilizing Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Burning of fossil fuels increases the amount of __________ in the air.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait variation is favored in disruptive selection?

<p>Extreme variants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Deforestation can contribute to an increase in carbon dioxide levels.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cycles with their respective problems:

<p>Water Cycle = Too much garbage in water Carbon Cycle = Burning fossil fuels and deforestation Nitrogen Cycle = Excess use of inorganic fertilizers Phosphorus Cycle = Runoff from agricultural lands</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a trait that can influence survival is __________ color in mice.

<p>fur</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of hormones in the endocrine system?

<p>To act as chemical messengers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback mechanisms work to decrease hormone levels in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the gland that connects the endocrine system with the nervous system.

<p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _____ detect changes in the environment and send signals to the control center.

<p>receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is NOT considered a major gland of the endocrine system?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glands in the endocrine system release hormones directly into the bloodstream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following glands with their primary function:

<p>Pituitary gland = Secretes growth hormone Thyroid gland = Regulates metabolism Adrenal gland = Controls stress responses Pancreas = Regulates blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brain or spinal cord that processes information is called the _____ center.

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene

A section of DNA that contains the instructions for building a specific protein.

Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).

Genetic Mutation

A change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Guanine (G)

One of the four building blocks of DNA, along with Adenine, Cytosine, and Thymine.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are made.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, influencing their function.

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Endocrine system

A network of glands that produce and release hormones, regulating various bodily functions.

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Glands

Organs that produce and release substances, including hormones, directly into the bloodstream.

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Hypothalamus

A specialized brain region that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system, regulating hormone production and release.

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Receptors

Structures that detect changes in the environment, acting as sensors for stimuli.

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Control center

The brain or spinal cord that processes information from receptors and sends signals to effectors.

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Effectors

Muscles or glands that carry out instructions from the control center, causing a response to the stimulus.

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Feedback mechanism

A mechanism that regulates hormone levels by either increasing or decreasing hormone production based on feedback.

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What is homeostasis?

A process that keeps the internal conditions of your body stable, like temperature, water levels, and sugar levels.

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What is the hormonal system?

A network of glands that release chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream.

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What is Kallmann syndrome?

A condition where the body doesn't produce enough hormones for normal sexual development. This can be caused by a lack of GnRH.

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What is dwarfism?

A condition where the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough growth hormone, leading to slower growth.

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What is gigantism?

Abnormal growth in children caused by the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone.

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What is acromegaly?

A condition that develops in adulthood when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone. It can cause bone deformities and other problems.

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What is Cushing syndrome?

A condition caused by high levels of cortisol in the body. This can happen when the adrenal gland produces too much cortisol.

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What is the hypothalamus?

A part of the brain that controls important functions like body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep. It also releases hormones.

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What are the adrenal glands and their function?

The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys and play a vital role in managing stress by releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol.

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What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

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What are hormones?

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands that regulate different bodily functions.

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What is glucagon and its function?

Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels when they are too low.

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What is insulin and its function?

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb sugar.

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What is the thyroid gland and its function?

The thyroid gland is located in the neck and produces hormones that control metabolism, influencing your energy levels and overall body function.

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What is a feedback system?

A feedback system helps the body maintain balance by adjusting hormone levels based on the body's needs.

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What is the pancreas and its function?

The pancreas, located near the stomach, plays a crucial role in blood sugar regulation by producing both insulin and glucagon.

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Environmental Changes

A change in the environment that forces organisms to adapt to survive and reproduce.

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Trait Variation

Traits can be good, bad, or neutral for an organism, depending on its environment.

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Advantageous Trait

A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce better in a specific environment.

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Adaptation

The process where advantageous traits become more common in a population over time.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

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Directional Selection

A type of natural selection where one extreme trait is favored, shifting the population towards that extreme.

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Disruptive Selection

A type of natural selection where both extreme traits are favored, leading to a population with two distinct groups.

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Stabilizing Selection

A type of natural selection where the intermediate trait is favored, resulting in a more uniform population.

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Point Mutation

The replacement of one nucleotide base with another in a DNA sequence. For example, guanine (G) may be swapped for cytosine (C).

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Silent Mutation

A type of point mutation where the changed nucleotide base still codes for the same amino acid as the original sequence. This often has little to no effect on the protein product.

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Insertion Mutation

A mutation where one or more nucleotide bases are added to a gene sequence.

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Deletion Mutation

A mutation where one or more nucleotide bases are removed from a gene sequence.

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Insertions and Deletions

Insertions and deletions can significantly alter the DNA sequence, potentially disrupting the protein's function or causing premature termination of protein production.

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Anatomy of Species

The study of similarities and differences in the body structure of different organisms. It provides evidence for common ancestry by identifying homologous structures.

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Homologous Structures

Anatomical features in different species that have similar structures but may have varying functions. They suggest a common ancestry.

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Fossil Evidence

Fossils provide valuable insights into the history of life on Earth. They reveal that life has changed over time and that different organisms existed in different periods. Comparing fossils to existing organisms helps us understand evolutionary changes.

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Study Notes

The Nervous System

  • Controls and interprets body activities
  • Gathers information from internal and external sources
  • Sends information to muscles, glands, and organs
  • Processes information to determine the best response

Neurons

  • Basic functional units of the nervous system
  • Carry information via nerve impulses
  • Contain dendrites (receive signals), axons (transmit signals), and cell bodies (nuclei)

Parts of the Nervous System

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Command center

    • Brain: Control center for sensory information, thoughts, emotions, and body functions
      • Cerebrum: Largest part, 2 hemispheres, controls voluntary movement
      • Cerebellum: Coordinates muscle actions, balance, and movement
      • Brainstem: Coordinates vital functions (breathing, heart rate, sleep)
    • Spinal cord: Highway for information between brain and body; coordinates reflexes

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Network of nerves connecting body to CNS

    • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements
    • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls involuntary functions (heart rate, digestion)
      • Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight or flight" response
      • Parasympathetic Nervous System: "Rest and digest" response

Neurological Disorders

  • Cerebral Palsy: Lack of full physical control, muscle tightness
  • Parkinson's Disease: Movement disorder, tremors start in hands
  • Brain Tumor: Formed in meninges (brain/spinal cord coverings)
  • Epilepsy: Abnormal neuron activity, seizures
  • Alzheimer's Disease: Severe mental deterioration, brain size reduction
  • Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain (infection)
  • Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges
  • Rabies: Viral infection; transmitted by animal bites
  • Tetanus: Bacterial infection causing muscle spasms

Endocrine System

  • Network of glands that produce and release hormones
  • Hormones act as chemical messengers, regulating body functions
  • Major glands: Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Homeostasis

  • Process of maintaining internal balance (e.g., temperature, blood sugar)
  • Uses control systems (nervous and endocrine)

Endocrine Disorders

  • Hypothalamic Disease: Issues in the hypothalamus
  • Kallmann Syndrome: Deficiency in hormone production
  • Dwarfism: Slowed growth due to insufficient growth hormone
  • Gigantism: Excessively high growth hormone levels
  • Acromegaly: Excess growth hormone in adulthood
  • Cushing Syndrome: High cortisol levels

Protein Synthesis

  • DNA to RNA (transcription): Copying a gene's instructions to mRNA in the nucleus
  • RNA to Protein (translation): Ribosomes synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm based on mRNA instructions.

Evolution

  • Variations in traits among organisms
  • Natural Selection: beneficial traits increase survival and reproduction
  • Adaptation: species develop traits for successful survival in their environment.

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Description

Dive into the complexities of the nervous system with this quiz. Explore how neurons function, the distinction between the central and peripheral nervous systems, and how information is processed and transmitted throughout the body. Test your knowledge on key components such as the brain and spinal cord.

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