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What is the name of the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord?
What is the name of the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord?
Central Nervous System
What is the name of the long, thin extension of a nerve cell that carries the electrical impulse?
What is the name of the long, thin extension of a nerve cell that carries the electrical impulse?
Axon
What are the two main types of cells that compose the nervous system?
What are the two main types of cells that compose the nervous system?
Nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells
What is another term for nerve cells?
What is another term for nerve cells?
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What is the name of the substance that insulates the axon?
What is the name of the substance that insulates the axon?
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What type of cell produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of cell produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
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What type of cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?
What type of cell produces myelin in the central nervous system?
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What is the name of the gaps between the sections of myelin insulation on the axon?
What is the name of the gaps between the sections of myelin insulation on the axon?
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What is the name of the glial cell type that forms the blood-brain barrier?
What is the name of the glial cell type that forms the blood-brain barrier?
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What are the functions of the nervous system?
What are the functions of the nervous system?
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What is the name of a bundle of axons running together outside the central nervous system?
What is the name of a bundle of axons running together outside the central nervous system?
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What happens to a nerve when it is damaged?
What happens to a nerve when it is damaged?
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What is the name of the condition that results in the paralysis of one side of the face due to viral infection of the facial nerve?
What is the name of the condition that results in the paralysis of one side of the face due to viral infection of the facial nerve?
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What is the name of the condition that causes tears to be secreted when a person is eating?
What is the name of the condition that causes tears to be secreted when a person is eating?
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The nervous system is responsible for the regulation of the body's internal environment.
The nervous system is responsible for the regulation of the body's internal environment.
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Glial cells are the only cells that transmit signals in the nervous system.
Glial cells are the only cells that transmit signals in the nervous system.
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The axon hillock is the site where the electrical impulse starts its journey along the axon.
The axon hillock is the site where the electrical impulse starts its journey along the axon.
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Telodendria are branches of the axon that extend to the destination nerve cell.
Telodendria are branches of the axon that extend to the destination nerve cell.
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Terminal buttons contain chemicals called neurotransmitters that transmit signals across the synapse.
Terminal buttons contain chemicals called neurotransmitters that transmit signals across the synapse.
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Dendrites are short, branching extensions of the nerve cell that receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites are short, branching extensions of the nerve cell that receive signals from other neurons.
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Myelin is a protein that forms a protective sheath around the axon, speeding up signal transmission.
Myelin is a protein that forms a protective sheath around the axon, speeding up signal transmission.
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Schwann cells are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Schwann cells are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
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Oligodendroglial cells can myelinate multiple axons.
Oligodendroglial cells can myelinate multiple axons.
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The spinal cord is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate.
The spinal cord is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate.
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Nerves are bundles of axons that carry signals from the brain to the muscle, allowing for voluntary movement.
Nerves are bundles of axons that carry signals from the brain to the muscle, allowing for voluntary movement.
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Study Notes
The Nervous System
- The nervous system is a complex system
- Its function is communication and control
- The nervous system is composed of two main cell types: nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells (neuroglia)
Nerve Cells (Neurons)
- Neurons carry out communication and control
- There are billions of neurons
- They are responsible for carrying electrical signals (impulses)
- Have a cell body containing the nucleus
- Have an axon extending from the cell body, a long thin structure
- Axons branch into telodendria
- End of the branches have terminal buttons that release neurotransmitters
- Dendrites receive chemical messages from other nerve cells
Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
- Glial cells support nerve cells and help them function
- There are several types of glial cells:
- Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells, and microglial cells
- Astrocytes are part of the blood-brain barrier
- Oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS
- Schwann cells myelinate axons in the PNS
- Ependymal cells help produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- Microglial cells are defensive cells and patrol the brain and spinal cord
Nerve
- A nerve is a bundle of axons outside the central nervous system (CNS)
- Axons (nerve fibers), grouped into fascicles and surrounded by connective tissue sheaths
- Endoneurium surrounds individual axons
- Perineurium surrounds fascicles (bundles of axons)
- Epineurium surrounds the entire nerve
Tracts
- Bundles of axons within the CNS (brain and spinal cord) are called tracts
Nerve Damage
- Nerve damage is common.
- The axon can regenerate but is guided by cells
- Schwann cells form a line to guide the axon to its destination, as damaged parts of the axon degenerate.
- The myelin also degenerates, but Schwann cells remain intact and can support the process.
- Axon regrowth is approximately 1mm per day.
- Some conditions from nerve damage can cause axons to be misdirected. (Bell's Palsy is an example).
- In Bell's Palsy, a viral infection can cause misdirection of facial nerve axons, resulting in facial paralysis.
- Some misdirections in axons can result in symptoms like Crocodile Tears Syndrome.
Myelination
- Some axons are myelinated- Myelin is a lipid substance that insulates the axon
- Myelin is made by Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS
- Myelin is wrapped around the axon in sections.
- Gaps between myelin sections are called Nodes of Ranvier
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Description
Explore the intricate functions and structures of the nervous system, focusing on the roles of neurons and glial cells. This quiz covers the basic elements, including how nerve cells communicate and the supportive roles of various types of neuroglia. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in neuroscience.
