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Questions and Answers
Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Which glial cell type is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Astrocytes are involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid by controlling levels of potassium ions and neurotransmitters.
Astrocytes are involved in the regulation of extracellular fluid by controlling levels of potassium ions and neurotransmitters.
True (A)
What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the axon hillock in a neuron?
Initiates action potentials
The ______ is the most abundant glial cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS).
The ______ is the most abundant glial cell in the Central Nervous System (CNS).
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Match the glial cell type with its primary function:
Match the glial cell type with its primary function:
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Which of the following techniques is used to visualize specific proteins in neurons and glia?
Which of the following techniques is used to visualize specific proteins in neurons and glia?
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A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons.
A single oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons.
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The process of injecting substances like GFP or viruses into neurons is known as ______.
The process of injecting substances like GFP or viruses into neurons is known as ______.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the facial nerve (CN VII)?
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The Facial Motor Nucleus provides motor supply for facial muscles and receives its innervation from the ipsilateral motor cortex.
The Facial Motor Nucleus provides motor supply for facial muscles and receives its innervation from the ipsilateral motor cortex.
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What is the name of the sensory nucleus that receives pain information from the pharynx and posterior third of the tongue?
What is the name of the sensory nucleus that receives pain information from the pharynx and posterior third of the tongue?
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The ___ nerve carries sensory information from the outer ear.
The ___ nerve carries sensory information from the outer ear.
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Match the following structures with their primary function:
Match the following structures with their primary function:
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Which association areas are involved in complex cognitive functions such as executive functions and decision-making?
Which association areas are involved in complex cognitive functions such as executive functions and decision-making?
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Lesions in the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) can cause total or near-total loss of visual awareness.
Lesions in the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) can cause total or near-total loss of visual awareness.
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What is the Brodmann area associated with the Primary Auditory Cortex?
What is the Brodmann area associated with the Primary Auditory Cortex?
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The _____ lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
The _____ lobe is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the thalamus?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the thalamus?
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Which disorder is characterized by an inability to recognize objects using certain senses?
Which disorder is characterized by an inability to recognize objects using certain senses?
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The thalamus serves as the primary relay center for sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
The thalamus serves as the primary relay center for sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
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Match the Brodmann areas with their associated cortex:
Match the Brodmann areas with their associated cortex:
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The Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) is part of Brodmann area 6.
The Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) is part of Brodmann area 6.
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What is the name of the nucleus in the thalamus responsible for auditory processing?
What is the name of the nucleus in the thalamus responsible for auditory processing?
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What is the main output pathway associated with the Primary Motor Cortex?
What is the main output pathway associated with the Primary Motor Cortex?
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The ______ is a small area of grey matter located between the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus.
The ______ is a small area of grey matter located between the thalamus and subthalamic nucleus.
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Match the following thalamic nuclei with their respective functions:
Match the following thalamic nuclei with their respective functions:
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Which of the following statements is TRUE about the thalamic reticular nucleus?
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the thalamic reticular nucleus?
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The thalamus is responsible for the conscious perception of all sensory information.
The thalamus is responsible for the conscious perception of all sensory information.
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What is the function of the habenula?
What is the function of the habenula?
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Which portion of the spinal cord white matter primarily conveys sensory information from the lower body?
Which portion of the spinal cord white matter primarily conveys sensory information from the lower body?
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The Dorsal Horn is primarily responsible for motor functions.
The Dorsal Horn is primarily responsible for motor functions.
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What are the two types of streams present in the sensory pathways of the dorsal horn?
What are the two types of streams present in the sensory pathways of the dorsal horn?
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The __________ contains motor neurons that innervate muscles.
The __________ contains motor neurons that innervate muscles.
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Match the following components of gray matter with their primary functions:
Match the following components of gray matter with their primary functions:
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Which organization of the spinal cord white matter contains mixed ascending and descending tracts?
Which organization of the spinal cord white matter contains mixed ascending and descending tracts?
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Rexed laminae IV is involved in motor neuron functions.
Rexed laminae IV is involved in motor neuron functions.
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The __________ contains cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord.
The __________ contains cerebrospinal fluid in the spinal cord.
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What is the primary function of ascending sensory pathways?
What is the primary function of ascending sensory pathways?
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The lumbosacral enlargement is necessary for innervating the arms.
The lumbosacral enlargement is necessary for innervating the arms.
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What are dermatomes?
What are dermatomes?
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The ___ carries information from the lower body in the spinal cord.
The ___ carries information from the lower body in the spinal cord.
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Match the spinal cord structures with their functions:
Match the spinal cord structures with their functions:
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What is the main role of ventricular ligaments?
What is the main role of ventricular ligaments?
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White matter increases in higher spinal cord levels due to more sensory and motor information passing through.
White matter increases in higher spinal cord levels due to more sensory and motor information passing through.
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What divides the dorsal columns into Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus?
What divides the dorsal columns into Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus?
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Study Notes
Neuroanatomy
- Study of the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system (CNS)
- Includes anatomical terminology such as:
- Planes: Coronal (front/back), Sagittal (left/right), Horizontal (top/bottom)
- Directional Terms: Anterior/Posterior, Medial/Lateral, Superior/Inferior, Dorsal/Ventral, Rostral/Caudal
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
- White matter: myelinated axons
- Gray matter: cell bodies and dendrites
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Divided into autonomic (sympathetic, parasympathetic) and somatic systems
- Cells of the Nervous System:
- Neurons: Convey information electrically and chemically; functional units of the nervous system with limited ability to reproduce.
- Glial Cells: Support system for neurons including Schwann cells (myelinate axons and support axon regeneration) ensuring proper neuronal function.
- Astrocytes.
- Microglia.
- Ependymal cells.
Neuron Morphology
- Parts of a Neuron: Dendrites; receive signals, Soma (cell body); synthesis of macromolecules and integration of electrical signals, Axon; conducts action potentials, Axon terminals; involved in neurotransmission.
Neuron Classification
- Structure: Unipolar, Pseudo-unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar
- Function: Sensory (afferent), Motor (efferent); Autonomic (preganglionic/postganglionic), Interneurons, and Projection.
Visualizing Neurons
- Golgi Staining: Stains a limited number of cells, developed by Camillo Golgi, used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Nobel Prize winners).
- Immunohistochemistry: Uses antibodies to visualize specific proteins.
- Neuron Filling: Injection methods to trace neuronal pathways using GFP, biotin or viruses.
Glial cells and their functions
- Schwann Cells (PNS): Provide metabolic support to neurons, wrap axons to form myelin sheath (electrical insulation), and aid in peripheral axon regeneration.
- Oligodendrocytes (CNS): Myelinate axons in the central nervous system (CNS). One oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons simultaneously.
- Astrocytes (CNS): The most abundant glial cell within CNS, comprising 75% of glial cells; provides mechanical support and metabolic support, regulates levels of potassium ions and neurotransmitters, aids in controlling blood-brain barrier, reacts to injuries.
- Microglia (CNS): Smallest glial cell type (~10-15%) of CNS, plays an important role in surveying for damage, disease, and clearing debris post-CNS injury; transforms into macrophages (phagocytic cells) upon activation.
- Ependymal Cells: Line the brain's ventricles and spinal canal, help move and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Neuron and Nervous System Function Notes
- Parts of a neuron: Dendrites (receive signals); Cell body (soma) (containing nucleus); Axon (transmit impulses); Axon hillock (initiates action potentials); Synaptic terminals (release neurotransmitters)
- Neuron polarization: Neurons are polarized due to ion distribution across the cell membrane with the inside of the neuron being more negative compared to the outside; resting potential are approximate -70mV
- Primary Role of Glial Cells: Critical for supporting and protecting neurons; ensure structural integrity; provide metabolic support; regulate extracellular environment; and respond to injury
- Myelination: A process where glial cells form myelin sheaths around axons that speeds up electrical signal transmission, acting as insulation. Glial cells include Schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS.
Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions of glial cells and neurons in the nervous system. This quiz includes questions about myelin formation, the role of the axon hillock, and techniques for visualizing neural proteins. Perfect for students studying neuroscience or related fields.
