The Nervous System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What structures are primarily responsible for forming the pia glial barrier?

  • Microglia
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Astrocyte foot processes (correct)

    • Which of the following statements correctly describe the spinal cord anatomy?

  • The conus medullaris is responsible for carrying sensory signals.
  • The central canal serves as an attachment point for the spinal cord to the vertebrae.
  • The cervical enlargement is primarily involved in leg movement.
  • The cauda equina consists of nerve roots below the conus medullaris. (correct)

    • What is the primary function of nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

  • To connect receptors and effectors to the CNS (correct)
  • To filter and adjust sensory input
  • To exclusively conduct motor information to muscles
  • To exclusively carry unmyelinated axons

    • Which of the following best characterizes mixed nerves?

    <p>They contain both sensory and motor information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segments of the spinal cord are specifically associated with limb innervation?

    <p>Lumbar and sacral enlargements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the white matter in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmission of nerve signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the meninges is closest to the nervous tissue?

    <p>Pia Mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neural pathways carry signals from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system?

    <p>Ascending paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves as protective wrappings for the nervous system?

    <p>Meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bundles of axons in the central nervous system known as?

    <p>Tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neural tissue is primarily responsible for supporting and protecting neurons?

    <p>Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is primarily controlled by the autonomic division of the nervous system?

    <p>Cardiac muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the meninges?

    <p>Carrying nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is specialized to detect pain stimuli?

    <p>Nociceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of baroreceptors?

    <p>Sense pressure and stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor would primarily be involved in detecting changes in limb position?

    <p>Proprioceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the spinal cord, what does the term 'grey matter' refer to?

    <p>The neuronal cell bodies and synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the spinal nerve anatomy?

    <p>Sensory neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mechanoreceptors play in the nervous system?

    <p>Detect pressure and distortions in membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the spinal cord is responsible for conducting sensory information?

    <p>Dorsal root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors would be classified as exteroceptors?

    <p>Nociceptors and thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Central Nervous System?

    <p>To control and integrate sensory and motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Nervous System specializes in detecting changes in variables?

    <p>Afferent pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do glial cells play in the Nervous System?

    <p>Providing structural support and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Protecting and cushioning the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the withdrawal (pain) reflex?

    <p>Detection of pain stimulus by receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the nervous system, what does integration refer to?

    <p>Evaluating and processing sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of receptors in the Nervous System?

    <p>They detect stimuli and convey information to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Subarachnoid space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroid plexus in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>To filter and adjust blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is found in the epidural space?

    <p>Fat tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'blood-brain barrier' refer to?

    <p>A barrier formed by astrocyte foot processes and blood vessel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Harbors large proportions of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do arachnoid villi play in cerebrospinal fluid circulation?

    <p>They act as one-way valves returning CSF to blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about glial cells is accurate?

    <p>They form cellular barriers and support neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cerebrospinal fluid contribute to the buoyancy of the brain?

    <p>It allows the brain to float and reduces its effective weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of gray matter in the spinal cord?

    <p>Processing and integrating information through interneurons and synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord is specifically responsible for somatic sensory input?

    <p>Dorsal horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of all reflexes?

    <p>They maintain homeostasis and involve rapid, predictable responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the reflex arc is responsible for transmitting the response message to the effector?

    <p>Efferent path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do the dorsal columns of white matter carry?

    <p>Sensory information about fine touch and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the autonomic motor neurons in the lateral horn?

    <p>They receive inputs from autonomic sensory axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the control center play within the reflex arc?

    <p>It integrates sensory information before triggering the motor response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>The spinal cord acts as a highway for both ascending and descending tracts linking the PNS and CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Nervous System

    • Function: Regulates and communicates
    • Senses changes in variables
    • Integrates information
    • Sends commands to effector organs
    • Divided into Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

    The Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • Function: Control center
    • Consists of brain and spinal cord

    The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • Function: Links to and from the outside
    • Consists of receptors, nerves, ganglia, and motor nerve endings

    Terms

    • Gray matter: Group of cell bodies/nuclei (in CNS)
    • White matter: Collection of axons
    • Cortex: Layer in CNS
    • Ganglion: In PNS
    • Pathway: Link
    • Sensory/ascending paths: PNS to CNS
    • Motor/descending paths: CNS to PNS
    • Nerves: Bundles of axons with common function
    • Tracts: Bundles of axons with common origin, function, or destination
    • Columns: Groups of tracts
    • Organs (neural): brain, spinal cord, receptors, nerves.
    • Meninges: Three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
      • Dura mater: Tough outer layer
      • Arachnoid mater: Middle layer with fibers
      • Pia mater: Innermost layer adhering to nervous tissue.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Cushions CNS
    • Glial cells: Support and protect neurons.
    • Cellular barriers: Separate CNS, i.e. blood-brain barrier (BBB)

    Neural Tissue Protection and Segregation

    • Bones of vertebral column and skull
    • Meninges
    • Cerebrospinal fluid
    • Gliel Cells
    • Cellular barriers (e.g., blood-brain barrier(BBB))

    Meninges

    • Function: protective wrappings, carry nerves and blood vessels, form attachment sites, hold fluids/fat
    • Subarachnoid space: holds CSF
    • Epidural space: holds fat (spinal cord only)
    • Subdural space: contains a small amount of fluid

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • Cushions the brain
    • Reduces weight of the brain from 1400g → 50g
    • Provides nutrients to cells lining the circulation path

    Choroid Plexus

    • Two cell layer structure
    • filters and adjusts blood plasma
    • CSF circulation: choroid plexus → ventricles (lateral, third, fourth) → SAS → arachnoid villi → dural sinuses (venous blood)

    Blood-brain barrier

    • Consists of astrocyte feet processes and blood vessel wall
    • Protects brain from harmful substances
    • Filters nutrients and ions
    • Allows nutrients and ions to pass through 2 layers and adjusted

    Anatomy of Spinal Cord & Nerves

    • Longitudinal-section: Overview of spinal cord
    • Cross-section: Detailed view of spinal cord components

    Spinal Cord Functions

    • Highway connecting PNS and CNS
    • Integration center for reflexes

    Reflex

    • Involuntary response to stimuli with a predictable response and is rapid
    • Innate (inborn) or learned.

    Reflex Arc

    • Receptor: detects stimulus
    • Afferent path: sensory neuron carries signal to spinal cord
    • Control center: Interneurons process the signal
    • Efferent path: motor neuron carries command to effector
    • Effector: responds to command (muscle or gland)

    Dermatome

    • Area of skin supplied by a single nerve
    • Represents a segmental pattern in the embryo

    Plexus

    • Branching and rejoining of nerves
    • Function: ensures info to and from limbs not carried in one path
    • If a nerve is damaged not all function to that body part is lost

    Receptors types

    • Mechanoreceptors: respond to membrane distortion
    • Baroreceptors: respond to pressure (stretch)
    • Chemoreceptors: respond to chemical stimuli
    • Thermoreceptors: respond to temperature
    • Nociceptors: respond to pain
    • Interoceptors: internal stimuli
    • Exteroceptors: external stimuli
    • Proprioceptors: body position and movement

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    The Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental aspects of the nervous system, including its functions and components. This quiz covers the Central Nervous System (CNS), Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), and essential terminology related to neural structure and function. Test your knowledge on how these systems integrate and communicate vital information.

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