The Nervous System

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Questions and Answers

Damage to which part of the brain would most likely impair a person's ability to maintain balance and coordination while learning a new dance?

  • Frontal lobe
  • Hypothalamus
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum (correct)

Which of the following accurately describes the functional difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

  • Afferent neurons act locally within the brain while efferent neurons link distinct areas of the brain.
  • Afferent neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, while efferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. (correct)
  • Afferent neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles, while efferent neurons transmit signals from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.
  • Afferent neurons connect to other neurons, while efferent neurons connect to muscles.

Which of the following accurately pairs a cerebral lobe with its primary function?

  • Frontal lobe: Decision-making (correct)
  • Temporal lobe: Visual processing
  • Parietal lobe: Motor control
  • Occipital lobe: Auditory processing

If someone touches a hot stove, which of the following describes the correct sequence of components involved in the reflex arc that causes them to quickly pull their hand away?

<p>Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports difficulty distinguishing between different smells. Which type of sensory receptor is most likely affected?

<p>Chemoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most likely effect of damage to the myelin sheath surrounding axons?

<p>Decreased speed of nerve impulse transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the layers of the meninges is closest to the surface of the brain?

<p>Pia mater (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Someone is having trouble with their vision, specifically with seeing objects that are far away, and the doctor tells them that they are near-sighted. What is the more formal, medical term for this condition?

<p>Myopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell in the nervous system is responsible for providing support and anchoring neurons in place?

<p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brainstem is primarily responsible for regulating breathing?

<p>Pons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cochlea is vital for hearing. What is contained within this bony, snail-shaped structure that is critical for this?

<p>Perilymph-filled membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the nodes of Ranvier, the gaps between Schwann cells along the axon of a neuron?

<p>Enable saltatory conduction, speeding up nerve impulse transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components found in tears provides protection against bacterial infections on the surface of the eye?

<p>Lysozyme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the eye, cones and rods are photoreceptors with distinct functions. What is the primary role of the cone photoreceptors?

<p>Detecting color and fine details in bright light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals.

Neuroglia

Nerve cells that support and protect neurons.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body after stress.

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Neuron Cell Body

Contains the nucleus and organelles of a neuron.

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Axons

Sends impulses away from the neuron's cell body.

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Dendrites

Brings impulses towards the neuron's cell body.

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Afferent Neurons

Carry impulses toward the CNS.

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Efferent Neurons

Carry impulses away from the CNS.

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Interneurons

Connect afferent and efferent neurons.

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Myelin Sheath

Fatty insulation wrapped around axons.

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Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath, allowing faster impulse transmission.

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Astrocytes

Cells that support and anchor neurons.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres.

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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-level processing.

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Cerebral Medulla

Inner white matter of cerebrum for communication.

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Basal Nuclei

Clusters of gray matter deep within the cerebrum, involved in motor control.

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Frontal Lobe Function

Walking, reasoning, decision-making.

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Parietal Lobe Function

Pain and temperature.

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Occipital Lobe Function

Visual processing and memory of objects.

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Temporal Lobe Function

Vision and memory.

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Brain Meninges

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Protects the brain by acting as a cushion.

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Diencephalon Structures

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.

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Hypothalamus Function

Controls hormones.

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Pons Function

Regulates breathing.

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Midbrain Function

Control of body movement and posture.

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Medulla Oblongata Functions

Regulates heart rate, swallowing, and coughing.

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Cerebellum Function

Aids in muscle memory.

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Reflex Arc Elements

Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector.

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Sensory Receptor Types

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.

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Conjunctiva

Covers the surface of the eyeball and inner eyelids.

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Tears Function

Lubrication and protection.

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Cornea Function

Allows light into the eye.

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Eye Light Regulators

Iris and pupil.

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Iris

Colored part of the eye.

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Vitreous Humor

Refracts light and fills space between lens and retina.

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Photoreceptor Types

Rods and cones.

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Myopia

Near-sightedness.

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Hyperopia

Far-sightedness.

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Eardrum

Tympanic membrane.

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Cochlea

Bony, snail-shaped structure containing membranes filled with perilymph.

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Maculae Function

Provide information to keep your head upright.

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Smell and Taste Receptors

Chemoreceptors.

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Study Notes

  • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
  • Neurons and neuroglia are the two primary types of nerve cells.
  • The parasympathetic nervous system helps calm the body after an emergency.
  • The cell body (soma) of a neuron houses the nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
  • Axons transmit impulses away from the neuron's cell body.
  • Dendrites conduct nerve impulses toward the neuron's cell body.
  • Afferent neurons transmit impulses toward the central nervous system.
  • Efferent neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
  • Interneurons connect afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS.
  • Myelin, a waxy insulation, encloses axons.
  • Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells.
  • Astrocytes are cells that support and anchor neurons.
  • The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is divided into right and left hemispheres.
  • The cerebral cortex, cerebral medulla, and basal nuclei are the three major layers of the brain.
  • The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes are the four lobes of the cerebrum.
  • The frontal lobe controls walking, reasoning, and decision-making.
  • The parietal lobe governs pain and temperature sensation.
  • The occipital lobe manages visual processing and memory of objects.
  • The temporal lobe is responsible for vision and memory.
  • The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are the three connective tissue layers protecting the CNS.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain, preventing contact with the skull.
  • CSF is produced in the ventricles, spaces within the brain.
  • The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.
  • The hypothalamus regulates hormones.
  • The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
  • The pons controls breathing.
  • The midbrain manages body movement and posture.
  • The medulla oblongata regulates heart rate, swallowing, and coughing.
  • The cerebellum, located at the back of the skull, is the second-largest part of the brain.
  • The cerebellum facilitates muscle memory after practicing a new sport or movement.
  • The reflex arc consists of five elements: receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector.
  • Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors are the five major types of sensory receptors.
  • The conjunctiva is a thin membrane covering the eyeball's surface and the inner eyelids.
  • Tears contain mucus, antibodies, and lysozyme.
  • Tears function to lubricate and protect the eye.
  • The cornea is a thick, transparent tissue that allows light into the eye.
  • The iris and pupil regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
  • The iris is the colored part of the eye.
  • Vitreous fluid/humor is a jelly-like fluid that refracts light and fills the space between the lens and retina.
  • Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye.
  • Near-sightedness is also known as myopia.
  • Far-sightedness is also known as hyperopia.
  • The eardrum is also known as the tympanic membrane.
  • The cochlea is a bony, snail-shaped structure containing membranes filled with perilymph.
  • Maculae are receptor cells in the cochlea that help maintain static equilibrium and provide information to keep the head upright.
  • Smell and taste both utilize chemoreceptors.

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