Clinical Physiology 1+2

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Questions and Answers

Which level of organization is composed of one major type of cell?

  • Organ system level
  • Tissue level (correct)
  • Organ level
  • Cellular level

Which tissue type functions in protection, transport, absorption, secretion, and optimizing diffusion?

  • Muscular
  • Epithelial (correct)
  • Nervous
  • Connective

Which organ system is responsible for the physical, thermal, and chemical protection of the body?

  • Cardiovascular system
  • Nervous system
  • Respiratory system
  • GI system (correct)

Which tissue type is composed of thin cells that reduce the distance substances need to diffuse?

<p>Epithelial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization includes organs composed of varying quantities of tissue types?

<p>Organ level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization includes the heart and lungs as major components?

<p>Organ system level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type is responsible for the secretion or removal of wastes in the GI tract, kidney, and lung?

<p>Epithelial (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the nervous system receive a stimulus from a neuron or a receptor dendrites?

<p>Neurons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the nervous system support neurons within the central nervous system?

<p>Astrocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the nervous system myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Schwann cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells of the nervous system clean up debris and detect microbial invaders/injury in the central nervous system?

<p>Microglial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for detecting and processing sensory information?

<p>Nervous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system secretes hormones that impact metabolism, activity, and growth of most organs/systems?

<p>Endocrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system delivers nutrients and oxygen to tissues and removes wastes?

<p>Cardiovascular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of dysfunction is most commonly responsible for disease?

<p>Molecular level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical exam findings and lower level dysfunction?

<p>Physical exam findings reflect lower level dysfunction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible physical exam finding in a patient with anemia?

<p>Increased heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for an increased heart rate in a patient with anemia?

<p>Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following physical exam findings may indicate anemia due to destruction of red blood cells?

<p>Jaundice or scleral icterus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the yellow pigment seen in the sclera or skin in a patient with anemia due to destruction of red blood cells?

<p>Hemoglobin breakdown products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can findings across multiple systems help establish a diagnosis or suggest further tests?

<p>When the dysfunction affects multiple systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between adaptation of multiple organ systems and a cellular/tissue problem?

<p>Adaptation of multiple organ systems suggests a cellular/tissue problem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the example of anemia, where were the physical exam findings best understood and explained?

<p>At the molecular level (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for movement in the musculoskeletal system?

<p>Muscle tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is found in the heart and pumps blood?

<p>Muscle tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is found in a wide variety of organs and has a wide variety of functions?

<p>Muscle tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system?

<p>Nervous tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for the structural characteristics of connective tissue?

<p>Fibres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue produces the matrix in connective tissue?

<p>Fibroblasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue has no epithelial lining and covers an organ or lines a joint?

<p>Connective tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the pulmonary system?

<p>Blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is pumped by the systemic circulation?

<p>Blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major muscle of ventilation in the pulmonary system?

<p>Diaphragm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas diffuses out of the blood in the pulmonary system?

<p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas diffuses into the blood in the pulmonary system?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pH in capillary blood in the pulmonary system?

<p>It gets higher and higher (alkaline) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure sensors detect changes in blood pressure in the cardiorespiratory apparatus?

<p>Baroreceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gas sensors detect the levels of CO2 and O2 in the cardiorespiratory apparatus?

<p>Chemoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the cardiorespiratory apparatus regulates respiratory rate based on emotional state, pain, and body temperature set-points?

<p>Hypothalamus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a normal respiratory rate at rest?

<p>Between 12 and 20 breaths/min (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels are responsible for delivering low-oxygen, high-CO2 blood to the right heart in the systemic circulation?

<p>Veins and venules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels allow tissues to extract oxygen from and deliver carbon dioxide to the blood in the systemic circulation?

<p>Capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels return high-oxygen, low-CO2 blood to the left heart in the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Pulmonary veins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels deliver low-oxygen, high-CO2 blood to the lung in the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Pulmonary arteries + arterioles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart applies high pressure to high-oxygen, low-CO2 blood in the systemic circulation?

<p>Left heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which side of the heart applies moderate pressure to low-oxygen, high-CO2 blood in the pulmonary circulation?

<p>Right heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the left ventricle in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Ejects a proportion into the arteries of the aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the right ventricle in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Applies pressure to blood (ventricular systole) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels deliver blood from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Pulmonary veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels deliver blood from the veins of the vena cavae to the right atrium in the cardiac cycle?

<p>Veins and venules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vessels conduct blood away from the heart to large organ/tissue 'beds'?

<p>Arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = SV × HR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure gradient responsible for?

<p>Driving fluid flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels allow exchange of gases, nutrients, metabolites, and wastes between blood and tissues?

<p>Capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of exchange in capillaries in terms of between tissue and blood?

<p>Both from tissue to blood and from blood to tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does arteriole constriction increase pressure in the larger arteries overall?

<p>By limiting flow to many beds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vessels feed capillary tissue beds?

<p>Arterioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the heart is responsible for applying pressure to blood and establishing the pressure gradient?

<p>Ventricular systole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating flow (cardiac output or CO)?

<p>Flow = SV × HR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the job of the ventricles in fluid movement through tubular structures?

<p>Apply pressure (potential energy) which is converted to kinetic energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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