The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons?

  • Terminal Button
  • Soma
  • Axon
  • Dendrites (correct)

    • What is the active process that moves proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks in the neuron?

  • Neurotransmitter release
  • Axoplasmic transport (correct)
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Ion channel insertion

    • What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

  • Prevents free passage of molecules (correct)
  • Moves proteins along microtubules
  • Receives information from other neurons
  • Transmits electrical information

    • Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>To exchange ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>Saltatory Conduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

    <p>Neurotransmitter release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions are primarily responsible for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

    <p>Proteins (A-) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

    <p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

    <p>To move sodium ions inside and potassium ions outside the neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when voltage-dependent sodium channels open during an action potential?

    <p>A rush of sodium ions flows into the neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant genus is a member of the plant family Cannabaceae?

    <p>Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as 'marijuana'?

    <p>Cannabis with high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and low levels of cannabidiol (CBD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?

    <p>489 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was marijuana classified as a Schedule 1 substance in the United States?

    <p>1970 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

    <p>Chili pepper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug was widely used in ancient history and derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower?

    <p>Opium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of cocaine in the 1800s?

    <p>Albert Niemann (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance was removed from "Vin Mariani" and Coca-Cola in 1906 due to health issues?

    <p>Cocaine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key ions involved in establishing the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>Proteins (A-), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

    <p>Negatively charged proteins (A-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It moves 3 Na+ ions outside for every 2 K+ ions brought in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the forces that contribute to the movement of ions across the neuron membrane?

    <p>Diffusion and electrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What voltage range represents the threshold for an action potential?

    <p>-55 to -50 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary cannabis species?

    <p>Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

    <p>delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

    <p>cannabidiol (CBD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the chemical classes of the distinct compounds found in cannabis plants?

    <p>There are 18 different chemical classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who grew cannabis on his plantation for about 30 years?

    <p>George Washington</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advocated for cannabis use in migraine in the early 19th century?

    <p>Sir William Osler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some ancient civilizations that used psychedelic mushrooms for religious ceremonies and communication with the gods?

    <p>Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, Mayan and Aztec cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most widely used drug in ancient history and where was it first cultivated?

    <p>Opium; first cultivated by Sumerians in 3400 BC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plant was used by Greek and Roman physicians to produce analgesic ointments?

    <p>Flowers of lily, rose, narcissus, and iris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who made "Vin Mariani," a mixture of wine and cocaine, which was adored by elites including Thomas Edison and the Pope?

    <p>Angelo Mariani.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

    <p>Chili pepper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who replaced alcohol with soda water to create Coca-Cola, after the Ku Klux Klan wanted to ban alcohol?

    <p>John Pemberton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two directions of axoplasmic transport?

    <p>Anterograde and retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches to the 'to be transported' anterograde item and moves it down the microtubules?

    <p>Kinesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?

    <p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

    <p>Separates outside from inside of neurons and prevents free passage of molecules (unless lipid soluble)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three proteins inserted into the neuron membrane bilayer?

    <ol> <li>Receptors, 2. Ion channels, 3. Transporters</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

    <p>Maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

    <p>The myelin sheath protects the neuron and speeds up conduction by allowing the action potential to jump between Nodes of Ranvier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>The Nodes of Ranvier are the only places where ions can be exchanged, allowing for faster conduction of the action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is saltatory conduction?

    <p>Saltatory conduction is the process by which the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier, resulting in faster conduction compared to non-myelinated neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

    <p>When the action potential hits the terminal button, Ca2+ channels open, causing fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft allows for communication between neurons, as the neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a drug according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>Any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion is the pressure to move from ______ concentration to ______ concentration

    <p>high, low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure of ionic 'opposites attract' is known as ______ pressure

    <p>electrostatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The voltage range that represents the threshold for an action potential is [-55 to -50] mV

    Signup and view all the answers

    During an action potential, voltage-dependent ______ channels open

    <p>sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of the action potential jumping between Nodes of Ranvier is called ______ conduction

    <p>saltatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The voltage-dependent ______ channels open up to repolarize the neuron

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuron membrane: Phospholipid bilayer separates ______ from inside of neurons

    <p>outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dendrites - Receivers of information from other ______

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soma: Cell body, core of neuron ______/energy/life

    <p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axoplasmic transport: Active process that moves proteins and other matter along ______ tracks

    <p>microtubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinesin attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it down the microtubules

    <p>anterograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dynein attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it up the microtubules

    <p>retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opium is derived from the latex in the husk of the ______ flower.

    <p>poppy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest is the unequal distribution of ______ ions across the neuron membrane.

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocaine is derived from the ______ plant, which grows wild in South America.

    <p>coca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The birth of Coca-Cola occurred when John Pemberton replaced alcohol with ______ water.

    <p>soda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cannabis has been in use for thousands of years and is believed to have been used in ancient Central and South Asia - a 2,700-year-old grave in western China was found to have 789 grams, or 1. ______.

    <p>pound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main ingredient of opium is called ______.

    <p>morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Medicinal cannabis was derailed by ______ factors in the United States

    <p>political</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of 'drugs' for medicinal, ritual, and recreational uses extends back in history to the earliest dates of ______

    <p>humankind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There was evidence of principles, know-how, and scientific exploration for the appropriate use of ______

    <p>chemical substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some of the drugs discovered in ancient times are still in use today - tendency over time to isolate active ingredients for more ______

    <p>potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accepted use of particular substances depended on societal ______ of period/time

    <p>mores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple medical societies in the last 2 decades have pushed for the ______ of the drug

    <p>re-scheduling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neurons are covered by a myelin sheath - produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwan cells (PNS) - protects the neuron. Only place where ions can be exchanged is at the ______.

    <p>Nodes of Ranvier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of action potential getting retriggered at each Node of Ranvier and resulting in faster conduction is called ______.

    <p>Saltatory Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unmyelinated neurons do not 'jump propagate' between nodes, which makes them less efficient and slower. They are primarily somatosensory 'pain' ______.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The terminal button is the site where the action potential hits and causes the opening of ______ channels, leading to neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ancient drugs were used for rituals, medicinal purposes, improved capacity/performance, and for ______.

    <p>recreation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately 25% of modern medications are developed from plants, which means that plant preparations continue to this day. More than 85,000 plant species have been documented for medical use ______.

    <p>globally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about myelin sheath?

    <p>It is produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann cells (PNS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier?

    <p>Saltatory conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

    <p>To maintain the resting membrane potential (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the synaptic cleft?

    <p>To provide a space for neurotransmitter communication between neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main ingredient of opium?

    <p>Morphine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?

    <p>Dendrites (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of axoplasmic transport in a neuron?

    <p>Moving proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

    <p>Prevents free passage of molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?

    <p>Dynein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three proteins inserted into the neuron membrane bilayer?

    <p>Receptors, Ion channels, Transporters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the terminal button in a neuron?

    <p>Releases neurotransmitters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant genus is a member of the plant family Cannabaceae?

    <p>Cannabis sativa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

    <p>Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three primary cannabis species?

    <p>Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was marijuana classified as a Schedule 1 substance in the United States?

    <p>1970 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?

    <p>38 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarizing the neuron during an action potential?

    <p>Sodium (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

    <p>-70 mV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

    <p>To maintain the balance of sodium ions inside the neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

    <p>To increase the speed of conduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when voltage-dependent potassium channels open during an action potential?

    <p>Potassium ions flow out of the neuron, repolarizing it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

    <p>Proteins (A-) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant was widely used in ancient history and derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower?

    <p>Opium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance was mixed with opioids to create laudanum, a popular pain medication in ancient times?

    <p>Alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of coca leaves, leading to the creation of cocaine?

    <p>Albert Niemann (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug was widely prohibited in the early 20th century due to its addictive qualities?

    <p>Cocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance was removed from Coca-Cola in 1906 due to health issues?

    <p>Cocaine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who said the following quote: 'Why with the time do I not glance aside To new-found methods, and to compounds strange. Why write I still all one, ever the same, And keep invention in a noted weed...'

    <p>William Shakespeare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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