The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction Quiz

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Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons?

Terminal Button

Soma

Axon

Dendrites (correct)

What is the active process that moves proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks in the neuron?

Neurotransmitter release

Axoplasmic transport (correct)

Phospholipid bilayer

Ion channel insertion

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

Prevents free passage of molecules (correct)

Moves proteins along microtubules

Receives information from other neurons

Transmits electrical information

Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Oligodendrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

To exchange ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier?

Saltatory Conduction Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

Neurotransmitter release Signup and view all the answers

Which ions are primarily responsible for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

Proteins (A-) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

To move sodium ions inside and potassium ions outside the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What happens when voltage-dependent sodium channels open during an action potential?

A rush of sodium ions flows into the neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which plant genus is a member of the plant family Cannabaceae?

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as 'marijuana'?

Cannabis with high levels of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and low levels of cannabidiol (CBD) Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?

489 Signup and view all the answers

When was marijuana classified as a Schedule 1 substance in the United States?

1970 Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

Chili pepper Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was widely used in ancient history and derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower?

Opium Signup and view all the answers

Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of cocaine in the 1800s?

Albert Niemann Signup and view all the answers

Which substance was removed from "Vin Mariani" and Coca-Cola in 1906 due to health issues?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What are the key ions involved in establishing the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Proteins (A-), Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca2+) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

Negatively charged proteins (A-) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

It moves 3 Na+ ions outside for every 2 K+ ions brought in Signup and view all the answers

What are the forces that contribute to the movement of ions across the neuron membrane?

Diffusion and electrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What voltage range represents the threshold for an action potential?

-55 to -50 mV Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary cannabis species?

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) Signup and view all the answers

What is the non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

cannabidiol (CBD) Signup and view all the answers

What are the chemical classes of the distinct compounds found in cannabis plants?

There are 18 different chemical classes Signup and view all the answers

Who grew cannabis on his plantation for about 30 years?

George Washington Signup and view all the answers

Who advocated for cannabis use in migraine in the early 19th century?

Sir William Osler Signup and view all the answers

What are some ancient civilizations that used psychedelic mushrooms for religious ceremonies and communication with the gods?

Ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, Mayan and Aztec cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely used drug in ancient history and where was it first cultivated?

Opium; first cultivated by Sumerians in 3400 BC. Signup and view all the answers

What plant was used by Greek and Roman physicians to produce analgesic ointments?

Flowers of lily, rose, narcissus, and iris. Signup and view all the answers

Who made "Vin Mariani," a mixture of wine and cocaine, which was adored by elites including Thomas Edison and the Pope?

Angelo Mariani. Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

Chili pepper. Signup and view all the answers

Who replaced alcohol with soda water to create Coca-Cola, after the Ku Klux Klan wanted to ban alcohol?

John Pemberton. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two directions of axoplasmic transport?

Anterograde and retrograde Signup and view all the answers

What attaches to the 'to be transported' anterograde item and moves it down the microtubules?

Kinesin Signup and view all the answers

What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?

Dynein Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

Separates outside from inside of neurons and prevents free passage of molecules (unless lipid soluble) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three proteins inserted into the neuron membrane bilayer?

<ol> <li>Receptors, 2. Ion channels, 3. Transporters</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

Maintains the resting membrane potential by pumping sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

The myelin sheath protects the neuron and speeds up conduction by allowing the action potential to jump between Nodes of Ranvier. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

The Nodes of Ranvier are the only places where ions can be exchanged, allowing for faster conduction of the action potential. Signup and view all the answers

What is saltatory conduction?

Saltatory conduction is the process by which the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier, resulting in faster conduction compared to non-myelinated neurons. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

When the action potential hits the terminal button, Ca2+ channels open, causing fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane and release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft?

Neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft allows for communication between neurons, as the neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a drug according to the World Health Organization?

Any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure Signup and view all the answers

Diffusion is the pressure to move from concentration to concentration

high, low Signup and view all the answers

The pressure of ionic 'opposites attract' is known as ______ pressure

electrostatic Signup and view all the answers

The voltage range that represents the threshold for an action potential is [-55 to -50] mV

Signup and view all the answers

During an action potential, voltage-dependent ______ channels open

sodium Signup and view all the answers

The process of the action potential jumping between Nodes of Ranvier is called ______ conduction

saltatory Signup and view all the answers

The voltage-dependent ______ channels open up to repolarize the neuron

potassium Signup and view all the answers

Neuron membrane: Phospholipid bilayer separates ______ from inside of neurons

outside Signup and view all the answers

Dendrites - Receivers of information from other ______

neurons Signup and view all the answers

Soma: Cell body, core of neuron ______/energy/life

function Signup and view all the answers

Axoplasmic transport: Active process that moves proteins and other matter along ______ tracks

microtubule Signup and view all the answers

Kinesin attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it down the microtubules

anterograde Signup and view all the answers

Dynein attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it up the microtubules

retrograde Signup and view all the answers

Opium is derived from the latex in the husk of the ______ flower.

poppy Signup and view all the answers

The primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest is the unequal distribution of ______ ions across the neuron membrane.

potassium Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is derived from the ______ plant, which grows wild in South America.

coca Signup and view all the answers

The birth of Coca-Cola occurred when John Pemberton replaced alcohol with ______ water.

soda Signup and view all the answers

Cannabis has been in use for thousands of years and is believed to have been used in ancient Central and South Asia - a 2,700-year-old grave in western China was found to have 789 grams, or 1. ______.

pound Signup and view all the answers

The main ingredient of opium is called ______.

morphine Signup and view all the answers

Medicinal cannabis was derailed by ______ factors in the United States

political Signup and view all the answers

The use of 'drugs' for medicinal, ritual, and recreational uses extends back in history to the earliest dates of ______

humankind Signup and view all the answers

There was evidence of principles, know-how, and scientific exploration for the appropriate use of ______

chemical substances Signup and view all the answers

Some of the drugs discovered in ancient times are still in use today - tendency over time to isolate active ingredients for more ______

potency Signup and view all the answers

Accepted use of particular substances depended on societal ______ of period/time

mores Signup and view all the answers

Multiple medical societies in the last 2 decades have pushed for the ______ of the drug

re-scheduling Signup and view all the answers

Neurons are covered by a myelin sheath - produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwan cells (PNS) - protects the neuron. Only place where ions can be exchanged is at the ______.

Nodes of Ranvier Signup and view all the answers

The process of action potential getting retriggered at each Node of Ranvier and resulting in faster conduction is called ______.

Saltatory Conduction Signup and view all the answers

Unmyelinated neurons do not 'jump propagate' between nodes, which makes them less efficient and slower. They are primarily somatosensory 'pain' ______.

neurons Signup and view all the answers

The terminal button is the site where the action potential hits and causes the opening of ______ channels, leading to neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

Ancient drugs were used for rituals, medicinal purposes, improved capacity/performance, and for ______.

recreation Signup and view all the answers

Approximately 25% of modern medications are developed from plants, which means that plant preparations continue to this day. More than 85,000 plant species have been documented for medical use ______.

globally Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about myelin sheath?

It is produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwann cells (PNS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Nodes of Ranvier?

To facilitate the exchange of ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier?

Saltatory conduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

To maintain the resting membrane potential Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the synaptic cleft?

To provide a space for neurotransmitter communication between neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ingredient of opium?

Morphine Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information from other neurons?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of axoplasmic transport in a neuron?

Moving proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

Prevents free passage of molecules Signup and view all the answers

What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?

Dynein Signup and view all the answers

What are the three proteins inserted into the neuron membrane bilayer?

Receptors, Ion channels, Transporters Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the terminal button in a neuron?

Releases neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which plant genus is a member of the plant family Cannabaceae?

Cannabis sativa Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three primary cannabis species?

Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

When was marijuana classified as a Schedule 1 substance in the United States?

1970 Signup and view all the answers

How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?

38 Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarizing the neuron during an action potential?

Sodium (Na+) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

-70 mV Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

To maintain the balance of sodium ions inside the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

To increase the speed of conduction Signup and view all the answers

What happens when voltage-dependent potassium channels open during an action potential?

Potassium ions flow out of the neuron, repolarizing it Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

Proteins (A-) Signup and view all the answers

Which plant was widely used in ancient history and derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower?

Opium Signup and view all the answers

What substance was mixed with opioids to create laudanum, a popular pain medication in ancient times?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of coca leaves, leading to the creation of cocaine?

Albert Niemann Signup and view all the answers

Which drug was widely prohibited in the early 20th century due to its addictive qualities?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

What substance was removed from Coca-Cola in 1906 due to health issues?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Who said the following quote: 'Why with the time do I not glance aside To new-found methods, and to compounds strange. Why write I still all one, ever the same, And keep invention in a noted weed...'

William Shakespeare Signup and view all the answers

The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction Quiz

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

Which part of the neuron receives information from other neurons?

What is the active process that moves proteins and other matter along microtubule tracks in the neuron?

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

Which cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

What is the process called when the action potential jumps between Nodes of Ranvier?

What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

Which ions are primarily responsible for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

What is the typical membrane potential of a neuron at rest?

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

What happens when voltage-dependent sodium channels open during an action potential?

Which plant genus is a member of the plant family Cannabaceae?

What is referred to as 'marijuana'?

How many distinct compounds are found in the leaves and flowering tops of cannabis plants?

When was marijuana classified as a Schedule 1 substance in the United States?

Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

Which drug was widely used in ancient history and derived from the latex in the husk of the poppy flower?

Who developed a method for refining the active ingredients of cocaine in the 1800s?

Which substance was removed from "Vin Mariani" and Coca-Cola in 1906 due to health issues?

What is the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron?

What are the key ions involved in establishing the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

What is the primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest?

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

What are the forces that contribute to the movement of ions across the neuron membrane?

What voltage range represents the threshold for an action potential?

What are the three primary cannabis species?

What is the psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

What is the non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in marijuana?

What are the chemical classes of the distinct compounds found in cannabis plants?

Who grew cannabis on his plantation for about 30 years?

Who advocated for cannabis use in migraine in the early 19th century?

What are some ancient civilizations that used psychedelic mushrooms for religious ceremonies and communication with the gods?

What is the most widely used drug in ancient history and where was it first cultivated?

What plant was used by Greek and Roman physicians to produce analgesic ointments?

Who made "Vin Mariani," a mixture of wine and cocaine, which was adored by elites including Thomas Edison and the Pope?

Which plant was used by Aztec physicians in Central America to treat toothaches?

Who replaced alcohol with soda water to create Coca-Cola, after the Ku Klux Klan wanted to ban alcohol?

What are the two directions of axoplasmic transport?

What attaches to the 'to be transported' anterograde item and moves it down the microtubules?

What attaches to the 'to be transported' retrograde item and moves it up the microtubules?

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the neuron membrane?

What are the three proteins inserted into the neuron membrane bilayer?

What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in a neuron?

What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

What is the function of the Nodes of Ranvier?

What is saltatory conduction?

What happens when the action potential hits the terminal button?

What is the purpose of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft?

What is the definition of a drug according to the World Health Organization?

Diffusion is the pressure to move from ______ concentration to ______ concentration

The pressure of ionic 'opposites attract' is known as ______ pressure

The voltage range that represents the threshold for an action potential is [-55 to -50] mV

During an action potential, voltage-dependent ______ channels open

The process of the action potential jumping between Nodes of Ranvier is called ______ conduction

The voltage-dependent ______ channels open up to repolarize the neuron

Neuron membrane: Phospholipid bilayer separates ______ from inside of neurons

Dendrites - Receivers of information from other ______

Soma: Cell body, core of neuron ______/energy/life

Axoplasmic transport: Active process that moves proteins and other matter along ______ tracks

Kinesin attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it down the microtubules

Dynein attaches to the 'to be transported' ______ item and moves it up the microtubules

Opium is derived from the latex in the husk of the ______ flower.

The primary reason for the negative charge inside a neuron at rest is the unequal distribution of ______ ions across the neuron membrane.

Cocaine is derived from the ______ plant, which grows wild in South America.

The birth of Coca-Cola occurred when John Pemberton replaced alcohol with ______ water.

Cannabis has been in use for thousands of years and is believed to have been used in ancient Central and South Asia - a 2,700-year-old grave in western China was found to have 789 grams, or 1. ______.

The main ingredient of opium is called ______.

Medicinal cannabis was derailed by ______ factors in the United States

The use of 'drugs' for medicinal, ritual, and recreational uses extends back in history to the earliest dates of ______

There was evidence of principles, know-how, and scientific exploration for the appropriate use of ______

Some of the drugs discovered in ancient times are still in use today - tendency over time to isolate active ingredients for more ______

Accepted use of particular substances depended on societal ______ of period/time

Multiple medical societies in the last 2 decades have pushed for the ______ of the drug

Neurons are covered by a myelin sheath - produced by oligodendrocytes (CNS) or Schwan cells (PNS) - protects the neuron. Only place where ions can be exchanged is at the ______.

The process of action potential getting retriggered at each Node of Ranvier and resulting in faster conduction is called ______.

Unmyelinated neurons do not 'jump propagate' between nodes, which makes them less efficient and slower. They are primarily somatosensory 'pain' ______.

The terminal button is the site where the action potential hits and causes the opening of ______ channels, leading to neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft.

Diffusion is the pressure to move from concentration to concentration