The Medieval Catholic Church and Feudalism

• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor.
• The Roman Catholic Church hierarchy and the Feudal Manor hierarchy are both forms of bureaucracy.
• The Roman Catholic Church and Feudalism helped provide stability during medieval times.

The Rule Of Benedict

• Model for rules in the monastery.
• Focus on working, studying, and praying

Fief

• Land granted by a Lord in exchange for loyalty and service.

Monk's and Nun's Vows and Duties

• Vows included chastity (no sexual relations), poverty (no belongings), and obedience.
• Duties included work, study, and prayer.

The 7 Sacraments

• Baptism: Bestowed on a child as a sign of admittance into the church.
• Confirmation: Gift of the Holy Spirit upon adolescents becoming adult members of the church.
• Reconciliation: Forgiveness by God for wrongs that a person sincerely regrets committing.
• Eucharist (The Lord’s Supper/Holy Communion): Culmination of the mass and a memorial of Jesus’ death and resurrection.
• Marriage
• Ordination: Becoming a priest.
• Last Rites: Final blessing for the sick and dying.

Feudalism

• Feudalism was created because of a need for order and protection.
• Economic and political system of medieval Europe involving an exchange of loyalty and labor for protection.
• Peasants/Serfs were "tied" to the land in the Feudal System.
• Those who didn't follow the Sacraments would go to Hell/Damnation after death.
• Medieval European Christians viewed humans as basically sinful and weak who needed structure and order to be good.
• Sins were violations of God's law, and salvation was achieved through resisting temptation.
• Vikings possessed longships and weaponry, making them effective at warfare.

Accomplishments of Key Figures

• St. Patrick spread Christianity through Ireland, built over 300 churches, and converted almost all of Ireland.
• St. Boniface converted the Netherlands and Germany to Christianity and was known as the "Apostle of Germany”.
• Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, and unified most of Christian lands of Europe into a single empire from 768-814.
• Pope Gregory I converted Britain to Christianity in 597 CE after converting the King.
• Clovis became leader of the Franks in 481, led them into Christianity, and extended the boundaries of the Frankish kingdom.
• Charles Martel (The Hammer) stopped the Muslim Moorish invasion of France and Europe and was the grandfather of Charlemagne.

Edward the Confessor

• The death of Edward the Confessor, King of England, led to a succession crisis because he had no children.
• Edward promised the throne to his cousin Duke William of Normandy, but the assembly chose Howard Godwinsson, Edward's brother-in-law.

Bayeux Tapestry

• The Bayeux Tapestry is the story of Duke William’s conquest of England embroidered onto a linen cloth.

Motte Bailey Castle Features

• Motte
• Keep
• Drawbridge
• Bailey
• Moat

Thirteenth Century Castle Features

• Stone walls
• Ventilation slits
• Shaft for water supply

Gothic-Style Cathedral Architectural Features

• Flying buttresses
• Bell tower
• Façade
• Gargoyles
• Arches
• Stained glass windows

King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

• Events led to conflict between King Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII but they are missing from this text

Runnymede

• In 1215, King John sealed the Magna Carta in the meadow of Runnymede.

Magna Carta

• Document that prevented the king from exploiting his power, and placed limits on royal authority.

Lay Investiture

• The bestowal of a church office by a member of the nobles rather than by church officials.

Concordat of Worms

• In Sept 1122, agreement that ended the conflict between church and state over the right to appoint religious office leaders

Magna Carta Importance

• The Magna Carta was an important document in history, it inspired the Constitution

Motivation for the Crusades

• To recapture the Holy Land (Palestine) from the Muslims

Crusade Timeline

• The Crusades began in 1096 and ended in 1270.

Claim to Holy Land

• Jews: Torah established claim to Holy Land, God's gift to Abraham and Lot, site of King Solomon's temple, King David brought ark here.
• Christians: Site of Jesus' life, death, and ascension, home of original cross and stone of Christ's tomb, site of sacred church of Holy Sepulchre.
• Muslims: Site of Muhammad's ascent to heaven, belief that God's gift of the Holy Land to Abraham was for Arabs (Muslims) too, Qu'ran establishes that both Jews and Arabs are people of Abraham.

Exchange During the Crusades

• Goods exchanged included languages, chess, paper, arch, and textiles.
• Ideas exchanged included military tactics and Muslim scholarship (Arabic works translated into Latin).

The Black Death

• The Black Death was a deadly plague that spread across Europe from 1346-1352 caused by bacteria and carried by fleas on rats.
• Pneumonic: attacks the lungs.
• Septicemic: attacks the bloodstream.
• Bubonic: caused buboes on the body.
• People were ignorant about how it was spread, they tried ineffective cures such as pomanders, flaggelation and repentance of sins.

The 100 Years' War

• The 100 Years’ War began because King Charles IV died in 1328 with no male heir, and Edward III of England and Philip of Valois (France) both claimed the throne.
• English armies attacked France.
• Warfare changed due to the longbow eliminating the advantages of armor. Cannons could be used to blast holes in castles, and monarchs used armies of common people.

Joan of Arc

• Joan of Arc was a peasant French girl believing she was sent from God to save French.
• Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army against the English in 1429, helped push them out of central France.
• She was later captured, convicted of heresy, and burned at the stake but was sainted in 1922.

100 Years' War Impact

• The 100 Years’ War contributed to the end of feudalism in France as people became more patriotic and devoted to their monarchs.
• Monarchs built huge armies with taxes, weakening the power of nobles.