Questions and Answers
Which high level cognitive function is mentioned as being contributed to by language?
Reasoning
What percentage of right-handed people have left-hemisphere speech?
96%
What test involves anaesthetizing one hemisphere at a time with a short-acting drug?
Wanda test
What type of aphasia is associated with difficulty producing words and few function words?
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Which hemisphere is associated with non-fluent aphasia?
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What type of speech is associated with damage to the left hemisphere?
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What does an fMRI during language testing compare to determine hemisphere dominance?
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What is revealed by the Wanda test when the left hemisphere is anaesthetized?
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Which type of aphasia involves difficulty producing speech, especially repeating?
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Which brain pathway involves sound to action and connects auditory to parietal regions?
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What does psycholinguistics explore?
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Which region of the brain is impaired in individuals with anterior lesions that result in poor comprehension of complex syntax?
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What is the primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?
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Which pathway connects sound to meaning and involves auditory connections to multimodal regions?
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What aspect of language does phonology explore?
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What is the primary characteristic of fluent aphasia?
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Which type of lesion impairs syntax in language production?
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What kind of response does semantic errors produce in posterior Broca's area?
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How is the perception of speech linked to motor cortex activity?
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What kind of structures does sign language have, similar to spoken language?
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What can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage?
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What does brain activity when perceiving sign language involve?
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How does age of onset of bilingualism affect resting state functional connectivity between language regions?
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What kind of impairments can older bilinguals experience following left hemisphere damage?
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What differences in brain regions are observed between simultaneous and sequential bilinguals?
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Most right-handed people have left-hemisphere speech
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Bilateral speech occurs when left and right hemispheres are equally activated during language testing
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Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing function words such as conjunctions and prepositions
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Phonology explores how language functions in the brain
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Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing speech, especially repeating
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The dorsal pathway involves sound to action and connects auditory to parietal regions
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Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
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The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips cannot aid in understanding speech sounds.
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Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
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Bilingualism does not lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
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Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing speech, especially ______
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Evolution of language pathways: humans have larger ______ pathway
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Syntax: rules of grammar, anterior lesions impair syntax, poor comprehension of complex ______
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Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair ______.
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Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their ______.
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The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech ______.
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Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed ______.
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Language is fundamental to what makes us human. It contributes to other high level cognitive functions such as ______ and ______.
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Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely to cause impairments in ______ and comprehension.
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During language testing using fMRI, if the degree of activation in the left hemisphere is greater than the right hemisphere, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech. If the activation is equal in both hemispheres, it indicates ______ speech. If the right hemisphere activation is greater than the left, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech.
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Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve ______
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Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain ______
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Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 ______
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Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language ______
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Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating ______
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What test involves anaesthetizing one hemisphere at a time with a short-acting drug?
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What type of aphasia is associated with difficulty producing words and few function words?
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During language testing using fMRI, if the degree of activation in the left hemisphere is greater than the right hemisphere, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech. If the activation is equal in both hemispheres, it indicates ______ speech. If the right hemisphere activation is greater than the left, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech.
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Which type of aphasia involves damage to the white matter connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas?
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Which brain pathway is relevant for language production and connects the auditory cortex to Broca?
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Which area of the brain is important for syntax and is impaired by anterior lesions?
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Which type of aphasia is associated with impaired semantics and meaningless speech?
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What type of brain lesions hinder meaning extraction and speech production?
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What does an ERP study show about semantic errors in language processing?
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What does perception of sign language involve in terms of brain activity?
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Study Notes
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings
- Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
- Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
- ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
- The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
- Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
- Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
- Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings
- Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
- Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
- ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
- The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
- Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
- Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
- Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings
- Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
- Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
- ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
- The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
- Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
- Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
- Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Insights
- Wernicke’s aphasia results in meaningless but grammatical speech
- Posterior lesions impact the ability to extract meaning from language and produce meaningful speech
- Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve meaning
- ERP study shows different brain responses to semantic and syntactic errors
- Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating motor cortex
- Sign language has similar semantic and syntactic structure to spoken language
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language shows overlapping regions in auditory cortex
- Bilingualism can lead to different brain activation patterns for L1 and L2
- Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions
- Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain areas
- Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages
- Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 acquisition
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Insights
- Wernicke’s aphasia results in meaningless but grammatical speech
- Posterior lesions impact the ability to extract meaning from language and produce meaningful speech
- Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve meaning
- ERP study shows different brain responses to semantic and syntactic errors
- Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating motor cortex
- Sign language has similar semantic and syntactic structure to spoken language
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language shows overlapping regions in auditory cortex
- Bilingualism can lead to different brain activation patterns for L1 and L2
- Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions
- Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain areas
- Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages
- Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 acquisition
Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings
- Wernicke’s aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to impaired semantics.
- Posterior lesions hinder meaning extraction and speech production, while anterior lesions affect syntax.
- ERP study shows semantic errors elicit a negative response in posterior Broca’s area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral positive response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
- Perception is linked to production, with greater activity in Broca’s area when listening to speech related to larger motor evoked potentials.
- Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and aphasia can occur in signed language due to left hemisphere damage.
- Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves overlapping regions in auditory cortical regions, regardless of modality.
- Aphasia in bilingual individuals may depend on the age of language acquisition, with greater effort and processing required for the second language (L2).
- Greater activation for the second language is observed, even when performance is similar, suggesting more effortful processing.
- Age of onset of second language acquisition impacts resting state functional connectivity between posterior and anterior language regions.
- Simultaneous bilinguals show greater grey matter volume in the left putamen, while sequential bilinguals exhibit greater grey matter volume in the PMC, with changes related to the motor demands of speaking two languages.
- Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages, with volume in putamen and PMC linked to accent score for French/English bilinguals.
- The study indicates that language processing involves both semantic and syntactic aspects, with brain activity influenced by factors such as language modality and age of onset of language acquisition.
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