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Questions and Answers

Which high level cognitive function is mentioned as being contributed to by language?

  • Memory
  • Reasoning (correct)
  • Motor skills
  • Visual perception
  • What percentage of right-handed people have left-hemisphere speech?

  • 96% (correct)
  • 4%
  • 70%
  • 15%
  • What test involves anaesthetizing one hemisphere at a time with a short-acting drug?

  • Wanda test (correct)
  • Cognitive function test
  • Hemisphere dominance test
  • Language activation test
  • What type of aphasia is associated with difficulty producing words and few function words?

    <p>Broca's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hemisphere is associated with non-fluent aphasia?

    <p>Left hemisphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of speech is associated with damage to the left hemisphere?

    <p>Impairments in speech and comprehension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an fMRI during language testing compare to determine hemisphere dominance?

    <p>Degree of activation in left and right hemispheres</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is revealed by the Wanda test when the left hemisphere is anaesthetized?

    <p>Left hemisphere speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia involves difficulty producing speech, especially repeating?

    <p>Conduction aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain pathway involves sound to action and connects auditory to parietal regions?

    <p>Dorsal pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does psycholinguistics explore?

    <p>How language functions in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the brain is impaired in individuals with anterior lesions that result in poor comprehension of complex syntax?

    <p>Broca region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Wernicke's aphasia?

    <p>Inability to comprehend language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway connects sound to meaning and involves auditory connections to multimodal regions?

    <p>Ventral pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language does phonology explore?

    <p>How sounds in a language are organized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of fluent aphasia?

    <p>Speech retains structure but is meaningless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lesion impairs syntax in language production?

    <p>Anterior lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of response does semantic errors produce in posterior Broca's area?

    <p>Negative response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the perception of speech linked to motor cortex activity?

    <p>It activates motor cortex activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structures does sign language have, similar to spoken language?

    <p>Syntactic structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage?

    <p>Bilingualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does brain activity when perceiving sign language involve?

    <p>Both posterior and anterior language regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does age of onset of bilingualism affect resting state functional connectivity between language regions?

    <p>Alters connectivity patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of impairments can older bilinguals experience following left hemisphere damage?

    <p>Greater activation for their native language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differences in brain regions are observed between simultaneous and sequential bilinguals?

    <p>Differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most right-handed people have left-hemisphere speech

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilateral speech occurs when left and right hemispheres are equally activated during language testing

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing function words such as conjunctions and prepositions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phonology explores how language functions in the brain

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing speech, especially repeating

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal pathway involves sound to action and connects auditory to parietal regions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips cannot aid in understanding speech sounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingualism does not lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conduction aphasia is characterized by difficulty producing speech, especially ______

    <p>repeating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Evolution of language pathways: humans have larger ______ pathway

    <p>dorsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syntax: rules of grammar, anterior lesions impair syntax, poor comprehension of complex ______

    <p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair ______.

    <p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their ______.

    <p>second language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech ______.

    <p>sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed ______.

    <p>language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language is fundamental to what makes us human. It contributes to other high level cognitive functions such as ______ and ______.

    <p>reasoning, mathematics, arts and creativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the left hemisphere is more likely to cause impairments in ______ and comprehension.

    <p>speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During language testing using fMRI, if the degree of activation in the left hemisphere is greater than the right hemisphere, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech. If the activation is equal in both hemispheres, it indicates ______ speech. If the right hemisphere activation is greater than the left, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech.

    <p>left, bilateral, right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve ______

    <p>meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain ______

    <p>areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 ______

    <p>acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language ______

    <p>regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating ______

    <p>motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test involves anaesthetizing one hemisphere at a time with a short-acting drug?

    <p>Wanda test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aphasia is associated with difficulty producing words and few function words?

    <p>Broca's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During language testing using fMRI, if the degree of activation in the left hemisphere is greater than the right hemisphere, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech. If the activation is equal in both hemispheres, it indicates ______ speech. If the right hemisphere activation is greater than the left, it indicates ______ hemisphere speech.

    <p>Left; bilateral; right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia involves damage to the white matter connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

    <p>Conduction aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain pathway is relevant for language production and connects the auditory cortex to Broca?

    <p>Dorsal pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is important for syntax and is impaired by anterior lesions?

    <p>Broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of aphasia is associated with impaired semantics and meaningless speech?

    <p>Wernicke's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of brain lesions hinder meaning extraction and speech production?

    <p>Posterior lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an ERP study show about semantic errors in language processing?

    <p>They produce a negative response in posterior Broca’s area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perception of sign language involve in terms of brain activity?

    <p>Overlapping regions in auditory cortical regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings

    • Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
    • Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
    • ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
    • The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
    • Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
    • Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
    • Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings

    • Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
    • Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
    • ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
    • The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
    • Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
    • Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
    • Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings

    • Wernicke's aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to semantic impairments.
    • Posterior lesions affect the extraction of meaning from language and speech production, while anterior lesions impair syntax.
    • ERP studies show that semantic errors produce a negative response in posterior Broca's area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
    • The perception of speech is linked to motor cortex activity, and focusing on lips can aid in understanding speech sounds.
    • Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and damage to left hemisphere language areas can lead to aphasia in signed language.
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves both posterior and anterior language regions, with no change in grey matter.
    • Bilingualism can lead to impairments in speech following left hemisphere damage, with older bilinguals often reverting to their native language and showing greater activation for their second language.
    • Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions, with simultaneous bilinguals showing differences in grey matter volume in specific brain regions compared to sequential bilinguals.

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Insights

    • Wernicke’s aphasia results in meaningless but grammatical speech
    • Posterior lesions impact the ability to extract meaning from language and produce meaningful speech
    • Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve meaning
    • ERP study shows different brain responses to semantic and syntactic errors
    • Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating motor cortex
    • Sign language has similar semantic and syntactic structure to spoken language
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language shows overlapping regions in auditory cortex
    • Bilingualism can lead to different brain activation patterns for L1 and L2
    • Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions
    • Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain areas
    • Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages
    • Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 acquisition

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Insights

    • Wernicke’s aphasia results in meaningless but grammatical speech
    • Posterior lesions impact the ability to extract meaning from language and produce meaningful speech
    • Anterior lesions affect syntax but preserve meaning
    • ERP study shows different brain responses to semantic and syntactic errors
    • Perception is linked to production, with speech processing activating motor cortex
    • Sign language has similar semantic and syntactic structure to spoken language
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language shows overlapping regions in auditory cortex
    • Bilingualism can lead to different brain activation patterns for L1 and L2
    • Age of onset of bilingualism affects resting state functional connectivity between language regions
    • Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals show different grey matter volume in specific brain areas
    • Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages
    • Greater recruitment of right hemisphere regions in bilinguals with later age of L2 acquisition

    Language Processing and Bilingualism: Key Findings

    • Wernicke’s aphasia results in grammatical but meaningless speech due to impaired semantics.
    • Posterior lesions hinder meaning extraction and speech production, while anterior lesions affect syntax.
    • ERP study shows semantic errors elicit a negative response in posterior Broca’s area, while syntactic errors produce a bilateral positive response in both anterior and posterior language regions.
    • Perception is linked to production, with greater activity in Broca’s area when listening to speech related to larger motor evoked potentials.
    • Sign language has semantic and syntactic structures similar to spoken language, and aphasia can occur in signed language due to left hemisphere damage.
    • Brain activity when perceiving sign language involves overlapping regions in auditory cortical regions, regardless of modality.
    • Aphasia in bilingual individuals may depend on the age of language acquisition, with greater effort and processing required for the second language (L2).
    • Greater activation for the second language is observed, even when performance is similar, suggesting more effortful processing.
    • Age of onset of second language acquisition impacts resting state functional connectivity between posterior and anterior language regions.
    • Simultaneous bilinguals show greater grey matter volume in the left putamen, while sequential bilinguals exhibit greater grey matter volume in the PMC, with changes related to the motor demands of speaking two languages.
    • Grey matter changes are related to the motor demands of speaking two languages, with volume in putamen and PMC linked to accent score for French/English bilinguals.
    • The study indicates that language processing involves both semantic and syntactic aspects, with brain activity influenced by factors such as language modality and age of onset of language acquisition.

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    Test your knowledge of language processing and bilingualism with this quiz featuring key findings in the field. Explore topics such as Wernicke's aphasia, brain activity during speech perception, the impact of bilingualism on language processing, and more.

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