Wk 6 Lec 1: The Internet: History and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What does the 'HTTP' in a URL represent?

  • Hypertext Transport Protocol
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (correct)
  • Hyperlink Transfer Package
  • High Transfer Protocol

    • Which part of the URL specifies the location of the file on the server?

  • Transfer protocol
  • Domain name
  • Filename
  • Pathname (correct)

    • What protocol is known for transferring files securely over a connection?

  • FTP
  • Telnet
  • HTTP
  • HTTPS (correct)

    • What is the purpose of a DNS server in relation to web browsing?

    <p>It translates URLs into IP addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the overall function of a URL?

    <p>It describes the location of files and how to access them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon allows the Internet to continue functioning even if some parts of its infrastructure are damaged?

    <p>Packet-switching technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a service provided by the Internet?

    <p>Cloud storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was responsible for creating the Internet in 1983?

    <p>Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of servers in the Internet?

    <p>Provide data and services to client systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'internetworking' refer to?

    <p>Connecting separate networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many users are projected to be using the Internet in 2024?

    <p>5.35 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the Internet helps regulate the flow of packets between machines?

    <p>Common protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the ownership of the Internet?

    <p>No one owns it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does HTML primarily use to instruct web browsers on how to display text?

    <p>Tags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes how web browsers often locate websites?

    <p>By employing domain names</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNS software in relation to domain names?

    <p>To convert domain names to IP addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a domain name like gems.ul.ie, which part indicates the specific computer connected to the Internet?

    <p>gems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) assist web browsers?

    <p>By indicating where HTML documents are stored on a computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of a domain name?

    <p>It is unique to each computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hierarchical model' in domain names refer to?

    <p>The structure from local to global domains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tags is used in HTML to display text in italic?

    <em> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a packet contains information about the sending and receiving machines?

    <p>Packet header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an Internet Protocol (IP) address?

    <p>A numeric identifier for a computer on the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does an Internet Service Provider (ISP) play for its customers?

    <p>It offers Internet access among other services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a web browser function in the context of Internet access?

    <p>It connects users to remote computers for file management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the nature of packets when transmitted over the Internet?

    <p>Packets travel independently and can take different routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a web server in relation to the Web?

    <p>To store and serve web files to clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What language is primarily used to encode web pages?

    <p>Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of an IP address can vary within the range of 0 to 255?

    <p>Any of the four parts of the IP address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the browser in the process of retrieving a web page?

    <p>To contact the web server and request a file</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a dynamic web page differ from a static web page?

    <p>A dynamic web page shows different content based on various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of using static web pages?

    <p>They need to be manually updated every time a change is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'client-side scripting' as part of dynamic web pages?

    <p>Scripting only executed on the user’s web browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the web page retrieval process, what happens immediately after the browser requests a file from the web server?

    <p>The web server finds the file and returns it to the browser</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'emerging technologies' refer to in the context provided?

    <p>Technologies that are in the early stages and developing quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does server-side scripting allow for in dynamic web pages?

    <p>Changes to the content based on user sessions or interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the DNS server play in web browsing?

    <p>It translates domain names into IP addresses for web servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    What is the Internet?

    • The Internet is a global network of computer networks.
    • It is the largest network in the world, connecting hundreds of thousands of networks.
    • The Internet grows hourly and involves national governments, communities, and individuals.

    The Internet: Then and Now

    • Created in 1983 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S. Department of Defense.
    • Initially designed for scientific and military communications.
    • The Internet is a network of interconnected networks, allowing for data flow even with infrastructure damage.
    • Uses high-speed data lines called backbones to carry data.
    • Smaller networks connect to the backbone, enabling data exchange between users on any network.
    • Key milestones: ARPANET, NSFnet, Internet.

    The Internet: Then and Now (cont.)

    • No single entity owns the Internet.
    • No formal management organization for the Internet.
    • Internetworking refers to the process of connecting separate networks.
    • Information resides on servers which are machines that share information across computers.

    The Internet: Then and Now (cont.)

    • Currently, 5.35 billion users (2024).
    • Provides "free" service.
    • Services offered: World Wide Web, email, Voice over IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

    How the Internet Works

    • Includes thousands of host computers (servers) providing data and services to client systems.
    • Users' PCs (clients) request data from host systems.
    • Requests and data are broken into packets and travel across multiple networks.
    • Packets are reassembled at their destination.

    How the Internet Works (cont.)

    • Information packets flow between machines governed by common rules called protocols: Internet protocol (IP) and Transmission control protocol (TCP).
    • The Internet operates as a packet-switching network.
    • Messages are broken into packets, each containing part of the message, sending/receiving machine information, and packet relation data.
    • Packets travel independently and potentially on different routes.
    • Packets are reassembled into the message at the receiving machine.
    • Each computer on the Internet requires a unique address for communication.

    How the Internet Works (cont.)

    • Every computer has a unique numeric identifier called an Internet Protocol (IP) address.
    • An IP address consists of four parts, each a number between 0 and 255.
    • Example: 205.46.117.104.

    Internet Service Provider

    • Individuals and organizations access the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
    • ISPs provide Internet access for their customers.
    • May also offer email service, web file storage service, and limited web hosting service.
    • Examples: Eir, Virgin Media, Vodafone, Sky, Imagine.

    Internet Service Provider (cont.)

    • Once an ISP provides access, individual computers use web browsers to connect to the internet.
    • Web browsers are software programs running on the user's computer.
    • They connect to remote computers, open and transfer files, display text, and images.

    What is the Web?

    • The Web is a collection of files residing on computers, called web servers, located globally and connected through the Internet.
    • By accessing the Web, users' computers become web clients in a worldwide client/server network.
    • The Web browser software enables the user's computer to function as a web client.
    • A web page is a document encoded with hypertext markup language (HTML) tags.
    • HTML links content together via hyperlinks.
    • Each webpage has a unique address called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).

    Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

    • The standard language for creating web pages and applications.
    • Uses codes or tags to instruct the web browser on how to display text.
    • For example, and tags indicate bold text, while and tags indicate italic text.

    Domain Name Addressing

    • Web browsers typically use domain name addressing instead of IP addresses to locate websites and pages.
    • A domain name is a unique identifier associated with a specific IP address by a program running on an Internet host computer.
    • This program, responsible for coordinating IP addresses and domain names, is called Domain Name System (DNS) software.
    • The host computer running this software is called a domain name server.

    Domain Name Addressing (cont.)

    • Domain names can consist of multiple parts separated by periods, with most having three or four parts.
    • Domain names follow a hierarchical model read from right to left, starting from the top.
    • Example: gems.ul.ie identifies the computer at the Graduate Entry Medical School (gems), an academic unit of the University of Limerick (ul), on the Rep. of Ireland Top-Level Domain (ie).
    • No other computer on the Internet has the same domain name.

    Uniform Resource Locators

    • Both IP addresses and domain names identify a particular computer on the Internet.
    • However, they don't specify the location of a web page's HTML document on that computer.
    • Uniform Resource Locators (URL) are used to identify a web page's exact location.
    • URL is a four-part addressing scheme informing the web browser about:
      • Transfer protocol for transporting the file.
      • Domain name of the computer hosting the file.
      • Pathname of the folder or directory where the file resides.
      • Name of the file.

    Structure of Uniform Resource Locators

    HTTP

    • Transfer protocols govern how computers move files on the Internet.
    • The most common protocol is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
    • Other protocols: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Telnet Protocol.
    • HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
    • It involves encrypted HTTP data transfer over a secure connection.

    General Operation of the Web

    • Involves a client computer with a web browser and a web server computer.
    • User enters a web address (e.g., www.ul.ie/module.html) into the browser.
    • The browser contacts a DNS server to translate the URL into an IP address.
    • The browser contacts the web server and requests the file (e.g., module.html).
    • The web server locates the requested file and returns it to the browser.
    • The browser renders the received HTML file.

    Dynamic Web Pages

    • Websites can be built using either static pages (manually edited files) or dynamic pages.
    • Dynamic web pages display different content each time they're viewed.
    • Changes can be dependent on time of day, user access, or user interaction.
    • Two types: Client-Side Scripting and Server-Side Scripting.

    Emerging Technologies (2024)

    • Review articles on Emerging Technologies on Brightspace.
    • Analyze the hype cycle for emerging technologies.
    • Consider the impact of these technologies on businesses, the future of work, and job prospects.
    • Identify potential opportunities and threats posed by these emerging technologies.

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    Description

    Explore the evolution and architecture of the Internet through this engaging quiz. Delve into its origins as ARPANET, the role of key organizations, and how it has become the vast network we know today. Gain insights into the infrastructure that enables seamless data flow across multiple networks.

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