History and Overview of the Internet

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Internet?

The Internet serves as a global system of interconnected computer networks using the TCP/IP protocol.

What was ARPANET and when was it developed?

ARPANET was the first computer network developed in 1969 for U.S. defense forces.

Who sent the first email over ARPANET and what was its content?

The first email was sent by Tomlinson in 1972, containing meaningless letters 'QUERTYIOP'.

What led to the development of open access networks in the USA?

ARPANET was initially restricted to defense, necessitating public networks for broader access. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of CSNET established in 1981?

CSNET aimed to extend networking benefits to academic computer departments not connected to ARPANET. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change happened to ARPANET in 1990?

ARPANET was decommissioned, and NSFNET became the central framework of the Internet. Signup and view all the answers

How did access to the Internet change in the 1990s?

Congress liberalized access, allowing networks from other countries to connect to NSFNET. Signup and view all the answers

What organization coordinates the Internet’s global domain name system?

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) coordinates this system. Signup and view all the answers

What protocol suite is primarily used for Internet communication?

The standard Internet protocol suite used is the TCP/IP protocol. Signup and view all the answers

What role did NSFNET play in the history of the Internet?

NSFNET promoted advanced research and education networking in the U.S., replacing ARPANET. Signup and view all the answers

How do you use brackets in a search command?

Brackets group specific search conditions to delineate them from each other, such as in the command ('Manager' OR 'Director') AND (IBM OR Oracle). Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the asterisk symbol in a search?

The asterisk serves as a wildcard that replaces one or more letters at the end of a word, enabling searches for various forms like 'Develop*'. Signup and view all the answers

When would you use the AND operator in a search command?

The AND operator is used when you want to ensure that both skill sets or terms are present in the search results. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the OR operator differs from the AND operator.

The OR operator retrieves results containing any of the specified terms, while the AND operator requires all specified terms to be present. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of quotation marks in a search query?

Quotation marks are used to search for exact phrases, ensuring that the specified phrase appears as is in the results. Signup and view all the answers

How would you exclude a specific term from your search results?

To exclude a term, you would use the NOT operator in your command, such as (X AND Y) AND NOT Z. Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example of a command that combines different operators.

An example command would be ('Manager' OR 'Director') AND (IBM OR Oracle OR 'Red Hat' OR Microsoft). Signup and view all the answers

What does the command X AND (Y OR Z) signify in search?

This command signifies that X must be present, while either Y or Z can be present for the results to be valid. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main services offered by cloud providers?

Cloud providers offer virtual machines, raw storage, firewalls, load balancers, and networks. Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'utility computing services' in the context of IaaS.

Utility computing services refer to the billing model based on actual usage of computing resources. Signup and view all the answers

What does dynamic scaling in cloud computing entail?

Dynamic scaling involves adjusting computing resources automatically based on demand. Signup and view all the answers

What challenges does data outsourcing present in terms of data integrity in the cloud?

Data outsourcing makes it challenging to ensure data integrity as users lose direct control over storage and maintenance. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of data encryption in cloud computing.

Data encryption is crucial for protecting sensitive information, although it is not a comprehensive solution on its own. Signup and view all the answers

In cloud architecture, what is meant by data segregation?

Data segregation refers to the practice of keeping customer data isolated within a shared cloud environment. Signup and view all the answers

How does virtualization impact the security of cloud computing?

If there are security issues with virtualization, they can also lead to vulnerabilities within cloud computing environments. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the overall appearance of a cloud data center compared to a traditional data center.

A cloud data center appears indistinguishable from a traditional data center, both in structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of maintaining confidentiality in data security?

The primary goal of maintaining confidentiality is to keep data private and protect sensitive information from unauthorized access. Signup and view all the answers

How does integrity contribute to data security in cloud computing?

Integrity ensures that the data in the cloud is accurate and has not been altered without authorization. Signup and view all the answers

What role do technical tools play in ensuring confidentiality?

Technical tools such as encryption and access control are essential in safeguarding data confidentiality. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how availability relates to cloud technologies.

Availability refers to the ability to access systems as anticipated, and cloud technologies enhance this through widespread internet access. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'metadata' in the context of data confidentiality?

Metadata refers to data that provides information about other data and can leak sensitive details about individuals or organizations. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it unsafe to enter your credit card number on an http website?

It is unsafe because data sent via http is not encrypted, making it vulnerable to interception. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'https' indicate about a website's security?

It indicates that the website uses a secure code for communication, safeguarding against eavesdropping. Signup and view all the answers

What is a static website and how does it differ from a dynamic website?

A static website features fixed content that does not change, while a dynamic website adjusts content based on user interaction or other criteria. Signup and view all the answers

What types of content can typically be found on a static website?

Static websites usually contain text, photos, animations, audio/video, and interactive navigation menus. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Internet compare to alcohol, according to Esther Dyson?

Esther Dyson suggests that the Internet amplifies existing behaviors, making it easier to connect or be alone based on one's preferences. Signup and view all the answers

What does a website consist of, and how is it accessed?

A website is a collection of related web pages, images, and videos, accessed via a network through a URL. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of dynamic activity in dynamic websites?

The two types are dynamic code, which is invisible, and dynamic content, which is visible to users. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenarios are static websites typically used?

Static websites are often used for simple forms, marketing sites, and informational pages. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a worldwide network of interconnected computer networks that use the TCP/IP protocol suite to serve billions of users globally.
It is a network of networks encompassing millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
These networks are interconnected using various electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

History of the Internet

The Internet originated in the 1960s in the USA during the Cold War.
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was established to oversee the project.
In 1969, the first computer network called ARPANET was developed.
ARPANET was initially restricted to organizations in the US defense forces.
In 1972, the first email was sent on this network by Ray Tomlinson, director of ARPANET.
The message was a meaningless string of letters (QUERTYIOP).
Due to ARPANET's limitations to the defense forces, open access networks were developed in the US.
The Southeastern Universities Research Association network (SURAnet) provided networking services to universities and industries.
In 1981, the Computer Science Network (CSNET) was established in the US to extend networking benefits to institutions not directly connected to ARPANET.
The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET), funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), was established in 1985 to expand ARPANET, SURAnet, and CSNET.
In 1990, ARPANET was decommissioned, and NSFNET became the central hub of the Internet.
Congress liberalized access in the 1990s, allowing networks from Canada and France to connect to NSFNET.

Governance of the Internet

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a non-governmental organization that coordinates the global Domain Name System.
Secure website addresses begin with "https://." meaning communication occurs through encrypted code.
Websites with "http://" lack encryption, potentially exposing user information.

Types of Websites

A website is a collection of interconnected web pages that may include images, videos, and other digital assets.
Websites are hosted on web servers and accessible via the Internet or private networks through their Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
Websites are collectively known as the World Wide Web.

Static Websites

Static websites store web pages on a server in a fixed format that is sent to a client's web browser.
They are primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
These websites present pre-defined, static information to users.
Examples include company websites, brochure websites, or simple marketing websites.

Dynamic Websites

Dynamic websites automatically change or customize themselves based on defined criteria.
They can have dynamic code (invisible) and dynamic content (visible).
Dynamic code operates behind the scenes, while dynamic content is displayed to the user.

Difference Between Static and Dynamic Websites

The theme and content of static websites remain fixed, while dynamic websites change based on runtime parameters.
For example, a search for "UNIX programmer" on a dynamic website might return resumes that include both terms, while a static website might only return results with exact matches.

Search Engine Functions

The "AND" function is used to find results that include both of the specified keywords.
The "OR" function is used to find results that include any of the specified keywords.
Parentheses/brackets are used to group multiple keywords and specify the order of operations when using "AND" and "OR" functions together.
Quotation marks ("") are used to search for exact phrases.
The "NOT" function is used to exclude specific words from the search results.

Cloud Services

Cloud providers offer virtual machine services, raw storage, firewalls, load balancers, and networks.

Characteristics of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Policy-based services
Utility computing services
Dynamic scaling
Internet Connectivity

Cloud Architecture

Refers to the architecture of software systems involved in delivering cloud computing.
It involves multiple cloud components communicating within the network.

Data Security in Cloud Computing

Data outsourcing relieves users from the burden of data storage.
Data integrity protection can be challenging in a cloud environment.
Public audit for cloud data storage security is crucial.
Cloud computing relies on virtualization. Security vulnerabilities in virtualization can affect cloud computing.
Data in the cloud is typically shared in a multi-tenant environment.
Encryption is an important security measure, but not a complete solution.
Cloud providers should demonstrate the use of secure encryption schemes designed by experienced specialists.
Data centers used for cloud computing are not distinguishable from traditional data centers regarding physical and network security.
Data center security involves physical protection against unauthorized access.

Data Security Goals

The three primary goals of computer and network security are confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Data Security: Confidentiality

Confidentiality ensures that data is kept private and protected.
Data privacy is particularly important when data leaves the organization's boundaries.
Confidential information can include internal secrets, sensitive personal data, metadata, and transactional data.
Confidentiality is supported by technical measures such as encryption and access control, and legal protections.

Data Security: Integrity

Integrity ensures that data stored in the cloud is authentic and unaltered.
It protects against accidental or intentional modifications without authorization.
Maintaining data integrity across multiple databases is challenging.
Integrity is supported by audited code, well-structured distributed systems, and robust access control mechanisms.

Data Security: Availability

Availability ensures that systems can be accessed and used as intended.
Cloud technologies can improve availability through ubiquitous internet access.
Clients rely on the timely and consistent provision of resources by cloud providers.

Data Security Diagram

Shows data users, data flows, and the role of external audit parties in a cloud network.
Data users interact with the cloud network.
External audit parties can access and verify data security within the network.

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Description

This quiz explores the fundamentals and history of the Internet, detailing its origin, development, and the key protocols that enable global connectivity. Learn about the creation of ARPANET and its evolution into the vast network we use today.