The Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

• It is the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing.
• Technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society.
• It Began in Britain in the 18th century and it spread to other parts of the world.
• It describes the Britain's economic development from 1760 to 1840.
• Is a process of economic transformation.
• China and India, did not begin their first industrial revolutions until the 20th century.
• The United States and western Europe, began undergoing "second" industrial revolutions by the late 19th century.

First Industrial Revolution

• Took place from 1760 to 1830
• Featured the utilization of iron, coal, and textiles
• There was massive extraction of coal along with the significant invention of the steam engine that created a new type of energy that later on helped speed up the manufacturing of railroads.
• Water and steam machines were developed to facilitate worker efficiency from about 1760 to around 1840.
• Muscle power transited to mechanical power.
• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invents the first productive steam engine.
• In 1733, James Kay invented a simple weaving machine called the Flying Shuttle.
• In 1755, Professor William Cullen designed a small refrigerator machine at the University of Glasgow.
• 1764: James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, which allows workers to produce multiple spools of thread at the same time.
• In 1769, James Watt patents his revision of the steam engine, which features a separate condenser.
• In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule, which combines spinning and weaving into one machine.
• In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented the power loom, which replaces the flying shuttle.
• In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which greatly increased the production of cotton.
• On December 24, 1801, Richard Trevithick test drives the world's first steam-powered locomotive, called the "Puffing Devil” or "Puffer” on the streets of Camborne, England.
• In 1802, An American farmer, Thomas Moore, invented the first wooden ice box.
• Oliver Evans produced an amphibious steam-powered wagon in 1804 called the Oruktor Amphibilos, or "amphibious Digger,"
• On August 14, 1835, Jacob Perkins, builds upon Oliver Evans refrigeration machine idea and patents the first vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.

Second Industrial Revolution

• Took place from 1850 to 1914
• Featured electricity, gas, oil.
• It featured electrification and mass-production assembly lines.
• Modern industry began to exploit many natural and synthetic resources not hitherto utilized with new energy sources like lighter metals, rare earths, new alloys, and synthetic products such as plastics.
• Developments machines, tools, and computers gave rise to the automatic factory.
• This caused the creation of the internal combustion engine.
• The development of steel demand, chemical synthesis and methods of communication such as the telegraph and the telephone developed.
• The automobile and the plane at the beginning of the 20th century made this revolution considered the most important one.
• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, which allows people to communicate quickly over long distances.
• In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine.
• In 1851, John Gorrie patents a mechanical refrigeration system machine.
• In 1854, James Harrison builds the first commercial ice machine.
• Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876.
• On February 12, 1877, Alexander Graham Bell publicly demonstrated the telephone for the first time at the Lyceum in Salem, Massachusetts by placing a phone call to the Boston Globe in Boston, Massachusetts.
• On December 31, 1879, Thomas Edison demonstrated the first practical incandescent light bulb by lighting up a street in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
• On December 17, 1903, the Wright Brothers made their first successful airplane flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
• On October 1, 1908, Ford begins production of the Model T automobile.
• Fred Wolf invented the first commercially viable electric refrigerator, which he named “Domelre,” short for Domestic Electric Refrigerator.

Third Industrial Revolution

• Took place from 1969-2009
• It was the Digital Revolution
• It featured Nuclear Energy
• The rise of electronics, telecommunications and computers occurred.
• Space expeditions, research, and biotechnology through the new technologies were developed.
• Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Robots, gave rise to an era of high-level automation.
• In 1969, The US Department of Defense's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) develops many of the protocols used for internet communications today.
• In 1972, The Japanese Waseda University completes the WABOT-1 project, creating the world's first full-scale intelligent humanoid robot.
• In 1973, Ethernet invented the first system for the transmission of information between computer systems.
• In 1974, The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) was born with the introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET, known as Telenet.
• In 1983, Ethernet was standardized.
• The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes .edu, .gov, .com, .org, and .net system for naming websites.
• In 1984, William Gibson, author of cyberpunk novel Neuromancer, coined the term 'cyberspace'
• In 1986, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) linked to Personal Computers (PCs)
• Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) developed the HTML language and introduced the World Wide Web to the public in 1989.
• The name CERN is derived from the acronym for the French "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire", or European Council for Nuclear Research
• In 1990, The first ever lot device was born when John Romkey created a toaster that could be turned on and off over the Internet.
• The first 'web page' was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
• In 1992, The first audio and video were distributed over the Internet.
• Connectivity for PLCs was introduced.
• In 1993, The White House and the UN went online.
• In 1995, Amazon, Craigslist and eBay went live.
• The Internet's transformation to a commercial enterprise was largely completed.
• Wireless M2M technology becomes prevalent in industrial settings in 1997.
• In 1998, The Google search engine was created and became born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.
• The Ethernet became popular in industrial environments.
• In 1999, the Internet of Things term was coined by Kevin Ashton
• In 2000, Yahoo! and eBay were hit by a large-scale DDoS attack, highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet
• In 2002, Cloud technology took hold with the launch of Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• In 2004, The era of social media began when Facebook went live
• In 2005, Roger Mougalas from O'Reilly Media coined the term Big Data.
• In 2006, AOL changes its business model, offering most services for free and relying on advertising to generate revenue.
• In 2008, A group of companies launched the IPSO Alliance to promote the use of Internet Protocol (IP) in networks of 'smart objects' and to enable the Internet of Things.
• Blockchain and the first cryptocurrency ever invented are introduced to the world through Satoshi Nakamoto's whitepaper Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System.
• Cisco notes that the lot was 'born' between 2008 and 2009 at the point when more 'things or objects' were connected to the Internet than people.

Fourth Industrial Revolution

• It's been ongoing from 2010 up to the present.
• It features the Internet of Things (IoT).
• The current era is marked by digitalization, digital transformations, personal connected devices, data analytics, Al technologies, automation, and Industrial loT.
• IT standards are introduced to industrial automation, devices get smaller and smarter, IT and OT operations collaborate to drive business-level decisions and further transform business models.
• The lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres are being challenged and industries all over the world are uprooted.
• Factories use technology such as Cloud, Big Data Analytics and loT to enable advanced and efficient communication between different players and connected objects in a production line.
• This revolution might deviate from non-renewable energy sources and is embedded instead in smart cities powered by wind, sun and geothermal energy.
• Milestones of the Fourth Industrial Revolution included a large scale digitalization, the emergence of lot networks and IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things), machine learning, Al, predictive analyses & maintenance in industrial settings, Big Data and Cloud Computing technologies, and advanced robotics.
• In 2010, sensor prices dropped, smartphones and PCs were popularized and the number of connected devices per person was more than 1 for the first time in history.
• Facebook reached 400 million active users and Pinterest and Instagram were launched.
• In 2011, Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) became mainstream.
• A 2013 survey conducted by Pew Research Centre said that 51% of US adults report banking online.
• In 2016, Google Assistant released and chatbots joined the Internet race and IloT vision emerged.
• As of 2018, Over 55% of the world population uses the Internet, according to Internet World Stats