The Industrial Revolution

• Before the Industrial Revolution, people produced their own clothes and food.
• Cities grew as centers for buying clothes and products.
• The Industrial Revolution brought advancements like anesthetics, antiseptics, skyscrapers, and airplanes.

Agricultural Revolution

• Farmers improved land care and started using fertilizer, leading to higher crop yields.
• Governments began approving enclosures, which consolidated peasant land.
• Displaced peasants migrated to cities, contributing to urban population growth.
• Population grew due to improved farming techniques and food supply.

Key Inventions and Resources

• James Watt is credited with inventing the steam engine, a crucial power source.
• Thomas Newcomen was also a creator of trains.
• Smelting is the process of burning iron ore and coal together to separate iron.
• Iron was then utilized to build buildings, ships, and engines, offering greater strength and affordability.
• Great Britain possessed abundant natural resources like coal and iron ore, giving them an advantage.
• Britain's geography facilitated trade.
• A healthier population increased the workforce.
• Capital was available for investments in industrial projects & technology.
• Entrepreneurs and inventors took risks in investing in new technologies and systems.
• Economic, social, and political stability are vital for growth.

Textile Industry

• Textiles originated from cotton.
• Early processes resembled assembly lines but were inefficient and home-based.
• Eli Whitney's cotton gin automated seed removal.
• Factories emerged by consolidating production in one building.

Transportation Advancements

• Canals were constructed to level water for easier transportation.
• Railroads (steel locomotives or trains) surpassed canals as they could reach more areas.
• Railroad construction was faster than river navigation development.
• Improved machinery and transportation reduced goods prices due to increased supply and demand.
• This led to other nations like France and the United States going through industrialization.
• Some nations lacked necessary factors, causing uneven industrialization.
• An example is Russia that industrialized due to economic and other downfalls, but it took them 200 years

Social and Economic Changes

• Rapid urbanization occurred, with people moving to cities.
• Middle class consisted of Entrepreneurs.
• Working class lived in tenements, which were apartments in cities and lacked running water, causing diseases.
• There were no labor unions yet.
• Employees' requests for better conditions were rejected.
• Hazards included no fire escapes, dangerous machinery, long hours, and toxic air.
• Mines had risks of collapse, explosions, flooding, gases, and darkness.
• Children worked in mines due to their size and low cost.
• Material standards of living improved because of new industrial manufacturing
• Rise in social mobility became easier.
• More people received political rights.

Economic Theories

• Laissez-faire economics advocated for minimal government interference.
• Adam Smith is considered the father of economics.
• Thomas Malthus believed families should limit having children and opposed government aid to the poor.
• David Ricardo thought increased labor supply from more children would lower wages.
• Utilitarians sought the greatest good for the most people.
• Focus was on the rich and middle class because they were the majority.
• Means of production are businesses that feed into bigger businesses.

Socialism and Communism

• Robert Owen promoted socialism, where there is no competition, no fighting, and equal wealth distribution.
• Everything in communism is owned by the government, but in socialism it is owned by the people.
• Karl Marx gained support for communism, but it eventually lost appeal due to its nature.

Second Industrial Revolution

• Electricity replaced steam power as the primary industrial energy source.
• Alessandro Volta developed the first battery.
• Michael Faraday invented the electric motor and dynamo.
• Thomas Edison created the electric light bulb in the 1870s.

Manufacturing and Efficiency

• Interchangeable parts improved efficiency of production.
• Assembly lines were implemented in the early 1900s.
• Steamships replaced sail ships.
• Railroads connected cities, seaports, mining regions, and industrial centers.
• The Wright brothers invented automobiles.
• Samuel Morse developed the telegraph, transmitting messages electrically.
• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
• Telegraphs coded messages over electrical wires, linking Washington D.C. to Baltimore in 1844.
• Trans-Atlantic cable was a significant engineering achievement at the time.

Big Business

• Big businesses were run by entrepreneurs who financed, manufactured, and distributed goods on a large scale.
• Stock shares represented ownership in companies.
• Corporations were formed through investments.
• Monopolies and cartels were established, fixing prices.

Social Debate

• The rise of big business spurred debate.
• "Robber Barons" destroyed competition for profit.
• Reformers sought laws to prevent monopolies and regulate corporations.

Public Health

• The germ theory linked infectious diseases to microbes.
• Louis Pasteur discovered pasteurization of milk.
• Robert Koch identified tuberculosis bacterium.
• Hygiene helped decrease rate of disease.
• Doctors scoffed at germ theory.

Healthcare Improvement

• Anesthesia was widely used by the 1840s.
• Joseph Lister promoted sterilization practices.
• Florence Nightingale emphasized hygiene.
• Aseptic surgery was introduced
• Surgery was performed with dirty instruments in dank rooms.

Urban Planning

• Urban renewal projects took place to rebuild poor areas of cities
• Settlement patterns shifted, with the poor crowding into slums near factories.
• Settlement patterns shifted, with the poor crowding into unsanitary slums near factories. Trolley lines assisted in working in other cities.
• Paved streets and street lights improved urban living conditions.
• Sewage systems made cities healthier.
• Steel was used to construct buildings.
• Harsh life conditions were present in slums.

Labor Movements

• Cities attracted millions and offered museums, libraries, and entertainment.
• Mutual-aid societies helped sick or injured workers.
• Socialist parties emerged.
• Unions used strikes as a tactic.
• Early laws restricted child labor.
• Standards of living began to rise for workers.
• Vaccination programs were given to poor communities.
• Some workers moved to the outer areas of cities from slums.
• There was less social gaps between rich and poor
• Middle-class families were expected to act proper and host parties, with children to be seen not heard.

Social Norms

• Mom, Dad, Boy, Girl, Dog, White Picket Fence, well dressed and clean- a nuclear family setting was the ideal goal.
• Limiting alcohol was a women's rights issue to reduce domestic violence.
• Women aimed for job specialization beyond nursing or motherhood.
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Sojourner Truth fought for women's rights to vote.
• Australia and New Zealand were the first to grant women suffrage.

Education

• Rich kids went to private schools.
• Higher education grew, allowing more to attend college and universities.
• Primitive elementary schools in rural areas were replaced by teacher training schools.
• Only middle-class families could afford to send their sons to schools.
• Colleges and universities expanded.
• In the 1800's engineering schools trained students to build the new industrial society.

Science and Evolution

• Atomic theory introduced, stating that every element has its own atomic makeup.
• Questioning of Earth's age occurred.
• Fossils, bones, and archaeological discoveries contributed to debates about the origins of life on Earth.
• Charles Darwin's theory stated survival of the fittest.
• John Dalton stated that each element had its own atoms.
• Dmitri Mendeleyev grouped elements by atomic weights in 1869.
• Charles Lyell showed that the Earth formed over millions of years.
• Charles Darwin argued that life evolved over millions of years and that there were natural forces and survival of the fittest.

Arts

• Artists rebelled against reason, order, and emotional restraint.
• William Wordsworth launched "Lyrical Ballads" and experimented with poetic forms.
• Writers combined history, legend, and folklore.
• Victor Hugo re-created France's past.
• Architects drew inspiration from old architectural styles, especially gothic styles.
• There was value on imagination and emotion rather than love.
• Painters broke free from strict rules, with subject matters of peasant life and current events
• Bright colors were used to convey violent energy and emotion.

Realism

• The goal of Realism present the world as it is.
• Charles Dickens portrayed lives of slum dwellers and factory workers.
• Realist painters rejected romantic imagination.
• Gustave Courbet painted common laborers on a country road.

Impressionism

• Brush strokes are larger and not easily deciphered.
• Monet popular impressionist.
• Van Gogh popular post impressionist.