The Industrial Revolution: England

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution consisted of economic, social, cultural, and technological changes.
• These transformations took place between 1760 and 1840.
• It originated in England.
• Political revolutions in the United States, France, and Latin America introduced new governments.
• Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution transformed how people worked in England
• Vast socio-economic changes resulted after steam-powered machinery and mass production expanded.
• It occurred in England in the mid-1700s.
• Before the Industrial Revolution, textiles were woven by hand.
• Machines began to do textile work along with other jobs.
• The Industrial Revolution then expanded from England into Continental Europe and North America.
• The Industrial Revolution was a turning point for humankind.
• It impacted all areas of society, including transportation and productivity.
• It also increased per capita income.

When Did It Actually Begin?

• Britain in 1750 was mainly an agricultural society.
• People lived in rural areas.
• They grew crops, raised livestock, and farmed.
• Farming was their main economic activity.
• Tools used were basic and not electrically powered.
• Towns and villages were poorly connected.
• Roads were in poor condition.
• People traveled by foot or on horses short distances.
• The workday began at sunrise, ending at dusk.
• Life expectancy and health were poor.
• Wealth was not equally distributed.
• The class system was strict.
• Aristocrats made up less than 1% of the population.
• However, they controlled 15% of the country's wealth.
• Aristocrats did not work in farming, trades, or professions, but invested in land.

The Agricultural Revolution

• In 1700, small farms covered England's landscape.
• Wealthy landowners bought up land that village farmers used to work.
• The wealthy landowners combined smaller areas of land to create large farms.
• Large farms were enclosed by fences, hedges, or stone walls.
• By 1790, three-quarters of all farming land in Britain was enclosed by wealthy landlords.
• Landlords then rented this land to tenant farmers.
• Landholdings enabled the cultivation of larger fields called enclosures.
• Landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods.
• These methods boosted crop yields.
• Many poor people and local farmers were forced off the land.
• The land provided a free charge for generations.
• Many villagers moved into cities.
• The enclosure movement had two important results: landowners implemented new agricultural methods, and large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers, to give up farming, or to move to the cities.
• Jethro Tull was a scientific farmer who saw that sowing seeds across the ground was wasteful.
• Many seeds failed to take root doing it this way.
• Tull invented the seed drill around 1701.
• The seed drill allowed farmers to sow seeds in spaced rows at specific depths.
• A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields.
• Crop rotation proved to be one of the best developments by scientific farmers.
• It involved leaving a field fallow (unused) for a period to avoid exhausting the soil.
• A farmer might plant a field with wheat, which exhausted soil nutrients.
• The next year they planted a root crop, such as turnips, to restore nutrients.
• Charles Townshend introduced a new method of crop rotation on his farm.
• This was known as the "four-field system."
• He grew wheat in the first field, root vegetables (carrots and turnips) in the second, barley in the third, and clover in the fourth.
• Each season, the crops were rotated (shifted).
• No field was left fallow, keeping the minerals and nutrients high.
• Wheat and barley harvested were for humans.
• The fallow period was now replaced by clover, used for grazing animals.
• The development of the four-field system gave Townshend the nickname, Turnip Townshend.
• Instead of leaving one field fallow, crops would be used to feed cattle in the winter.
• This replenished the soil for cattle to be kept all year.
• The cattle provided greater food supply for a growing population.
• New farming machinery was widely used in the mid-1800s
• New mechanical drills planted seeds.
• Reaping machines harvested crops.
• Threshing machines separated the grain from the stalks of wheat and barley.
• Machines made farming more efficient and increased profits.
• Each year, amount farmed increased.
• Fertilizers raised productivity of land by the 1840s.
• Animal breeding and rearing also improved.
• Robert Bakewell selectively bred livestock on his property, starting in the late 1700s.
• He developed the New Leicester, a quick-fattening sheet with finer wool and tastier meat.
• Bakewell also bred cattle for beef production.
• Stronger animals with larger size and better quality resulted.
• Bakewell allowed only his best sheep to breed.
• Other farmers followed Bakewell.
• Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds.
• Food supplies increased, living conditions improved, and England's population mushroomed.
• The population boomed from 5.5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800.
• An increasing population boosted the demand for food and goods such as cloth.
• As farmers lost their land to large enclosed farms, many became factory workers.

Why Did the Industrial Revolution Begin in England?

• Due to the Agricultural Revolution, Britain had a large population of workers.
• They ultimately became the working class of the factories.
• The small island country had extensive natural resources.
• Industrialization, or the process of developing machine production of goods, required natural resources, including:
  • Water power and coal to fuel the new machines.
  • Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings.
  • Rivers for inland transportation.
  • Harbors from which merchant ships set sail.
• Britain had an expanding economy to support industrialization.
• Businesspeople invested in new inventions.
• Britain's highly developed banking system assisted countries to invest.
• People were encouraged by the availability of bank loans to invest in new machinery and expand their operations.
• Britain's political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors.
• Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s.
• None of the wars occurred on British soil.
• Military successes gave the British a positive attitude.
• Parliament passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures.
• Other countries had some of these advantages, but Britain had them all.
• Britain had all the factors of production needed for the Industrial Revolution, including:
  • Land, labor, and capital (or wealth). -Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods.

Rise of the British Empire

• Britain's authority and wealth from the British Empire helped it pioneer the Industrial Revolution.
• The expansion of the British Empire took place in two phases:
  • The first phase was the establishment of colonies in North America in the 1600s.
  • Over 200 years, Britain, Spain, the Dutch and Portuguese laid claims to new territories globally, including the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific.
  • The second phase was linked to a series of wars fought between European powers in the 1700s and the early 1800s.
  • Britain’s demonstrated naval strength ensured it became the dominant imperial power, even after losing American colonies in the American War of Independence in 1865.
• The term "imperial" relates to an empire.
• An "empire" refers to a group of countries ruled by a single person, government, or country.
• By 1900, the British Empire had expanded to cover around a quarter of the Earth's surface.
• It ruled over around a quarter of the world's population.
• Many of Britain's colonies provided the raw materials, workforce (slaves) and customers needed to drive the Industrial Revolution.
• Britain controlled more colonies and therefore had more access to raw materials than any other country such as:
  • Sugar from Australia and the West Indies
  • Wool from Australia and New Zealand
  • Cotton and tea from India
  • Rubber from Malaya
  • Gold from Australia and South Africa
  • Coffee from Jamaica and Africa
  • Wheat from Australia and Canada
  • Timber from the Canadian forests.

Key Location: Manchester

• Manchester rapidly rose from obscurity to become premier center of cotton manufacture in England.
• Geography played a large role in this.
• Its damp climate was better for cotton manufacture.
• This gave it an advantage over the older eastern English cloth manufacturing centers.
• It was close to the Atlantic port of Liverpool.
• Manchester was eventually connected to Liverpool by early rail tracks, and an ocean ship capable canal.
• It was also close to power sources, including:
  • the water power of the Pennine mountain chain.
  • Coal mines of central Lancashire
• Manchester consequently became perhaps the first modern industrial city.
• The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spurred a revolution in technology.
• It initiated with textiles, where inventions transformed the manufacture of cloth.
• Increased demand for clothing in Britain resulted due to the agricultural revolution.
• Cotton consumption in Britain rose.
• As a result, cotton came from plantations in the American South, where cotton production skyrocketed to feed English textile mills.

Technological Advances

• A wave of new inventions revolutionized textile and cotton industries in Britain.
• Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up how spinners and weavers made cloth.
• By 1800, textile mills used multiple major inventions.
• One invention led to another.
• John Kay invented the flying shuttle in 1733
• the flying shuttle sped back and forth on wheels doubling the work a weaver could do in a day.
• James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny around 1764.
• He named spinning wheel after his daughter.
• A spinner could work eight threads at a time using the spinning jenny.
• Textile workers initially operated the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny by hand.
• Richard Arkwright created the water frame in 1769.
• The machine used rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.
• Samuel Crompton combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame in 1779.
• Together they produced the spinning mule.
• The spinning mule made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent.
• Edmund Cartwright's power loom was powered by water.
• It sped up weaving since its invention in 1787.
• The water frame, spinning mule, and the power loom were bulky and expensive machines.
• This took the work of spinning and weaving out of the house.
• Wealthy textile merchants built factories to house the machines.
• Factories needed waterpower.
• Early factories were built near rivers and streams.
• In the 1790s the raw cotton for England's factories came from plantations in the American South.
• Eli Whitney of America invented the cotton gin in 1793.
• The cotton gin sped up the chore of removing seeds.
• American cotton production skyrocketed from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

The Steam Engine

• The first such development, the steam engine, stemmed from the search for a cheap, convenient source of power.
• In 1705, coal miners used steam-powered pumps to remove water from deep mine shafts.
• This early engine gobbled great quantities of fuel, making it expensive to run.
• James Watt improved the steam engine.
• Watt made a steam engine work faster while burning less fuel in 1765.
• In 1774, Watt partnered with businessman Matthew Boulton.
• Boulton paid Watt a comfortable salary to encourage him to build better engines.
• Steam could also propel boats.
• American inventor Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton and Watt.
• He built The Clermont, a steamboat that made its first trip in 1807.
• Clermont later ferried passengers up and down New York's Hudson River.
• The creation of a network of canals improved English water transportation.
• 4,250 miles of inland channels cut costs of transporting raw materials and finished goods by the mid-1800s.
• British roads improved thanks to efforts of John McAdam, a Scottish engineer
• McAdam equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage in the early 1800s.
• He placed a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock on top.
• Heavy wagons could now travel over the new "macadam" roads without sinking in mud.
• Private investors formed companies that built roads and monetized them.
• The new roads were called turnpikes since travelers had to stop at toll-gates and pay tolls before traveling farther.
• Steam-driven machinery powered English factories in the late 1700s.
• The railroad locomotive, a steam engine on wheels, drove English industry after 1820.
• In 1804, English engineer Richard Trevithick won a bet by hauling ten tons of iron over ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive.
• Other engineers built improved versions of Trevithick's locomotive.
• George Stephenson began work on the world's first railroad line in 1821.
• It was designed to run 27 miles from the Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea.
• It opened in 1825, using four locomotives Stephenson designed and built.
• Entrepreneurs in northern England wanted a railroad line to connect Liverpool with Manchester.
• In 1829, trials were held to choose the best locomotive.
• The Rocket passed the test by Stephenson.
• Smoke poured from the Rocket's tall smokestack.
• Its two pistons pumped and drove the front wheels.
• The locomotive hauled a 13-ton load at over 24 miles per hour.
• The Liverpool-Manchester Railway officially opened in 1830.
• It was an immediate success.

Effects of the Locomotive

• Railroads spurred industrial economic growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials.
• The railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new miner and railway worker jobs.
• The railroads boosted England's agricultural and fishing industries. -It enabled transport of products to distant cities.
• Railroads encouraged country people to take city jobs by making travel easier.
• It also lured city dwellers to resorts in the countryside.

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

• In the 1800s, people could earn higher wages in factories than on farms.
• People could afford to heat their homes with more comfort.
• They wore better clothing woven on looms.
• Cities swelled with waves of job seekers.

Urbanization

• For centuries, most Europeans lived in rural areas.
• After 1800, the balance shifted toward cities due to the factory system concentrating manufacturing of goods.
• Between 1800 and 1850, cities boasting more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47.
• Most urban areas doubled in population; some even quadrupled.
• London's population was around one million by 1800.
• London became Europe's largest city in the 1800s.
• Birmingham and Sheffield became iron-smelting centers.
• Leeds and Manchester dominated textile manufacturing in the Industrial age.
• Manchester grew rapidly, starting around 45,000 in 1760.
• The growth of cities and industries triggered the emergence of "the middle class."
• It was made up of wealthy industrialists, merchants, bankers, shopkeepers, teachers, doctors, lawyers, managers, clerks and government officials.
• People earning middle class salaries could afford fine clothing, furniture, ceramics, and other household items.
• This class drove the demand for mass-produced goods, more schools, universities & libraries.
• The political status of the British middle class increased throughout the 1800s.
• The new middle class transformed the social structure of Great Britain.
• Landowners and aristocrats had wield social and political power in the past.
• Now factory owners, merchants, and bankers grew wealthier
• Some began outpacing landowners and aristocrats.
• A larger, non-poor middle class emerged.
• Upper middle class consisted of government employees, doctors, and lawyers.
• The lower middle class held skilled jobs like toolmakers and mechanical drafters, who enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.

Living Conditions

• Because England's cities grew rapidly, they lacked development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes.
• They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection for job seekers from the countryside.
• Unpaved streets lacked drains.
• Garbage collected readily in heaps.
• Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, with whole families crowding into one bedroom.
• Sickness spread rapidly.
• Epidemics of the deadly disease cholera regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain's industrial cities.
• Government study (1842), showed citizens in working-class cities live on average to 17 years old compared to 38 years in the countryside.
• The aristocracy (nobility) believed birth mattered more than income.
• Lords had large country houses and waited on by servants.
• They dominated all levels of government in the 1800s.
• Sons of the nobility had governesses and nannies, then attended elite schools.
• Girls were educated at home and then prepared for marriage, though some went to boarding schools.
• The middle class aspired to join the upper classes.
• Wealthy middle-class businessmen socialized with the aristocracy.
• The middle class lived in the suburbs.
• Commuted to work in the city.
• The poorest middle-class homes had domestic assistance.
• Women enjoyed shopping and socializing.
• The first department store opened in London in 1863.
• Over time, some sought a university education
• They joined the women's suffrage movement.
• Boys went to grammar schools.
• Girls increasingly went to school.
• However, were expected to marry and run a home.
• Working class people are crammed in city slums without access to water or sewerage.
• Crime was rife in the slums, due to the spread of diseases and overcrowding.
• Few people received an education.
• A new law made primary school compulsory for all children in 1880.
• Leisure Activities included football, bicycling, reading, and The Music Hall.
• Living and Working Conditions saw no improvement.
• Factory workers watched machines replace them.
• Some smashed the machines they thought were putting them out of work.
• One group of workers, called the Luddites, were named after Ned Ludd.
• The probably-mythical English laborer destroyed weaving machinery around 1779.
• The Luddites began attacking factories in 1811, destroying labor saving machinery.
• Others rioted outside the factories because of poor situations.

The Dangers of Working

• Production demands drove factory owners to keep their machines running as much as possible.
• The average worker would spend 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week.
• Unlike farm work, this work did not change with the seasons.
• Factories were seldom well lit or clean.
• Machines injured workers.
• A boiler might explode or a drive belt might catch an arm. No government programs offered financial aid in cases of injury.
• Coal mines were the most dangerous.
• Frequent accidents, damp conditions, and coal dust made miners’ lives ten years shorter.
• Employed in the mining industry were cheaper women and children workers.
• Children were seen as ideal employees.
• They were small enough to fit between the machines, cheap to employ, and provided families extra grateful income.
• Most working-class families could not afford to send their children to school.
• Long shifts took their toll on the children, they were dragged into working life with little opportunity for education.
• Children often started working at age four or five.
• One job included collecting dropped fluff from under weaving machines in textile mills.
• In many cases, child workers were local orphans.
• Factory and mine owners often cut corners with safety and conditions in the pursuit of higher profits.
• This included enforcing long working hours and using more women and children.
• A mass of children work the whole week through in the mills or at home, and therefore cannot attend school according to Friedrich Engels (1844).
• Engels saw the evening schools were attended without benefit since workers gave twelve daily hours and could only go from eight to ten at night.
• It is asking too much, that young workers should go to school from eight to ten at night.
• Engels reported the Sunday schools were not well staffed to be of use to those who have already learnt something.
• The children got 20% value what full adults typically saw wages wise Voucher Wages became a more viable income.
• The workers would be under control to purchase items such as flour at their respective stores.
• Factory owners would not be obliged to pay directly in cash and instead make profit with voucher wages.
• “Dark satanic mills,” created by William Blake were to have miserable working conditions.
• Many with little lives with the plague, some went out of their way with endless work to get more in poverty and unrewarding diseases.

Improvements

• The working class began to ask for safety protocols in their factories.
• One parent named, Samuel Coulson talking about his daughter worked 18 hours in the mill in Leeds in hopes for more.
• One father from Keighley, Yorkshire saw his son Edwin, walk as straight as an arrow, however became too weak in the knees.
• Parliament wanted to strengthen factory conditions.
• A new factory was introduced as In 1833 -No children work was to be enacted under 9 of age- however that was only a start in the legislation.
• Forty-eight hours were set for those aged 9 to 13, limited to eight hours a day.
• Twelve- set for those aged 13 to 18 hour daily. -Children of thirteen would go to an elementary school that ran two hours into schedule.
• An important action would establish a system to hold regulations were enforced.
• A small inspectorship of factories was created with the powers to impose penalties on infringements.
• However, it was far to late in the early days for all the chaos. The Effects of Industrialization
• The growth of factories, as well as that, there were many new specialization in energy.
• The cities had poor conditions, with the housing and inadequate water supplies being cut off.
• Workers always had a hard time, and long factory discipline was brutal and unsanitary. Middle class people began to come in contact with working class factories.
• Some workers were not treated equally, with a more rising standard of living.

Climate Change

• Climate change and global emissions began to rise to the peak.
• Decades began the industrial revolution had the depletion of the ozone layer in 1980.
• Revolution to the world created a vast number of oil deposits and finite resources for the future.
• The needs for mass production and waste had also increased dramatically since the revolution as we know it.
• There have been a high number of pollution factors that also threaten the environments and the wildlife across multiple regions.
• In London, the terrible, a time period were people panicked due to an increased amount of city sanitations problems.
• The 1880s had to many stream water problems and not enough housing for the citizens.
• In 1855 the fluid had become “A very pale, with a heavy brown mass to the water”.
• All this said the Parliament was shut down in times of great stink.
• They stated that if a tumbler of water was drank had the equivalent of many men and women on the earth if consumed in any drinking product.

The Victorian Sewerage

• To stop the odor from spreading London became better with the public’s health, with a public health policy over time.
• Peter Ackroyd said the “The true Victorian century was in over a great time of change as a whole."
• Water was a more consumable aspect of many daily lives for English citizens.
• Amanda to Thomas, and historian stated, she showed that they could easily do it and be immune to it.
• Britain had to stop the spread from 1831-32 were they then began to kill well over 45,000 as result to the epidemic.
• John Snow an English Physician was the one person to prove that dirty water was not a bad omen in the air.
• Many would then make an appeal for others after knowing other common diseases
• They took those diseases to become a solution as the lawmakers would make the disease and death go away faster. Also the outcome of the Great Stink, was one of history's most life-enhancing aspects
• It improved over and drove political self-interest, it made the public’s view dramatically improved in many circumstances.
• It would then lead to a big factor in public’s health, making them dramatically approve with it.
• To build a foundation for the new miles of Sewers.
• You will see no map that shows, but understand the sewers had a vast amount from Victorians that till runs all over the town.
• According to Ackroyd the man of the hour the century will be remembered.

Corporate Growth

• Building businesses required loads of money.
• To raise funds, entrepreneurs sold shares of stocks.
• "Corporation" refers to a business owned by stockholders which shares the profits.
• These stockholders are not fully responsible for debt.
• Corporations were able to raise the capital to invest in industrial equipment.
• Some industry corporations made big profits by reducing the cost of production in the United States.
• Leaders would keep wages low to see profits grow.

Global Inequality

• The Industrial Revolution led to an increase in wealth
• It widened the gap between industrial and not-industrialized
• Industralized countries needed materials from less developed lands
• Countries felt that there were poor countries to build products for.
• Imperialism was big in many aspects of society.
• The industrialized areas had more benefits to them.

Long Term

• The Industrail revolution changed the society and daily-life of everyone.
• Some could afford to goods that were 50 to 60 years old compared to many others that couldn’t.
• the benefits produced many federal grants.

Labor Unions

• During the 1800's the people were working hard for reform.
• They formed to be a lot voluntary, in unions.
• Labor had different situations for workers in higher pay.
• Union tools made it easier to set fair standards to have them meet all needed criteria.

Women in society

• The workers in this movement took their toll as they would not work on time and some of the days.
• Many of the females worked at factory locations as the rate of women was 1 in 3 compared to the males in wages-
• They began leading many of the reforms for this movement later on.
• By 1918 great Britain gave them the option to be in suffrage.
• Then 1920 United States gave women that option.

Healthcare

• Due to Edwards Jenner's invention to stop all pox events, there were discoveries, and people began to get better.

Conclusion

• People did begin to have a normal life through change and communication throughout the years.
• Asia and Afrika’s economies were very agricultural but still had small shops
• The middle class created more chances and oppurnties for an education.
• Great participation made many things possible and social reform was established/