The Importance of ATP

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Questions and Answers

Which cellular process does not directly require ATP?

  • Cell signaling
  • Passive diffusion (correct)
  • Muscle contraction
  • Active transport

ATP is structurally most similar to which of the following?

  • A DNA nucleotide (correct)
  • A polysaccharide
  • A protein
  • A fatty acid

What components are present in ATP?

  • Adenine, ribose, and three phosphates (correct)
  • Adenine, deoxyribose, and three phosphates
  • Guanine, ribose, and three phosphates
  • Uracil, ribose, and two phosphates

Which statement accurately describes the role of cellular respiration in the ATP cycle?

<p>It provides the energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and phosphate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ATP an unstable molecule?

<p>The three phosphate groups have negatively-charged oxygen atoms that repel one another (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate consequence of ATP hydrolysis in a cell?

<p>Energy is released that can be coupled to endergonic processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of phosphorylation on a protein?

<p>It can make the protein more reactive and less stable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher discovers a mutant cell line that is unable to phosphorylate proteins. What is the most likely consequence of this mutation?

<p>Impaired cellular signaling and metabolic regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the thermodynamics of ATP hydrolysis, which statement is the most accurate?

<p>ATP hydrolysis to ADP and inorganic phosphate is an exergonic reaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An experimenter adds a non-hydrolyzable analog of ATP to a cell extract. This analog binds to ATP-binding sites on proteins but cannot be broken down to release energy. What is the most likely outcome on cellular processes that require ATP?

<p>ATP-dependent processes will be inhibited as the analog competitively binds to ATP-binding sites without providing energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is ATP?

A nucleotide derivative crucial for various cellular processes, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Processes Needing ATP

Examples include: active transport, muscle contraction, and cell signaling.

ATP Regeneration

The process of regenerating ATP from ADP using energy, like cellular respiration.

ATP Hydrolysis

The reaction where ATP loses a phosphate group, becoming ADP and releasing energy.

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Phosphorylation

The process where a phosphate group from ATP is transferred to a molecule, often a protein.

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Cellular Respiration in Plants

Enzymes break down glucose from photosynthesis to create ATP.

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ATP Instability

The bond between the second and third phosphate groups contributes to ATP's instability due to the negative charges of the phosphates repelling each other.

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Effect of Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation can make a protein more reactive and less stable, altering its function.

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Study Notes

  • ATP is found everywhere in science and art.
  • ATP is needed for many cellular processes.
  • Examples of processes needing ATP: Active transport, muscle contraction, and cell signaling.

What is ATP?

  • ATP is a nucleotide derivative, like DNA and RNA.
  • ATP is short for adenosine triphosphate.
  • ATP contains: The nitrogenous base adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphates.

ATP Generation

  • All cells need ATP, so they need processes that can be used to generate it.
  • Processes to generate ATP can differ and might or might not involve oxygen.
  • Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration and fermentation do not.
  • During cellular respiration, plants break down the glucose they make from photosynthesis to make ATP.
  • During cellular respiration, animals break down the glucose they consume to make ATP.
  • All types of organisms need to make ATP, including bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea.
  • ATP is part of an ATP cycle.
  • ATP can be hydrolyzed, releasing energy and losing a phosphate in the process.
  • Cellular respiration can provide the energy to add a phosphate to ADP to regenerate ATP.
  • ATP can be used quickly.

How ATP Works

  • The bond between the second and third phosphate contributes to ATP being unstable.
  • Phosphates with their negative charges don’t prefer being arranged so closely together.
  • The transformation of ATP losing its third phosphate to become the more stable ADP is an exergonic reaction that releases free energy.
  • When ATP is hydrolyzed, if the energy released is not coupled to something that needs it, it will likely not be very useful for a cell.
  • The energy release can be coupled to endergonic processes that the cell needs to do.
  • When ATP is hydrolyzed, the phosphate from the ATP can be transferred to a molecule that is going to be acted upon
  • When the phosphate is transferred to a protein, we say the protein has been phosphorylated.
  • Phosphorylation can make a protein more reactive and less stable.
  • When a phosphorylated protein reverts into its original, more stable shape, it can assist in moving molecules the other direction.

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