The Impact of Personality on Ageing

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a key factor in attachment according to Harlow's experiments with monkeys?

Attachment figures

Separation anxiety

Food

Security (correct)

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak according to the text?

Third year of life

Fourth year of life

First year of life

Second year of life (correct)

How many styles of attachment have been identified through the Strange Situation procedure?

Two

Three

Five

Four (correct)

What term is used to describe the mental representations of attachment relationships that infants develop?

Internal working models Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the processes through which individuals come to learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes, and behavior patterns of their society?

Socialization Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory of psychodynamics, what determines behavior?

Wishes, fears, and intentions Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic human motives according to Freud's drive model?

Sex and aggression Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Freud's developmental model involves the resolution of the Oedipus complex?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's structural model, what is the role of the superego?

Conscience Signup and view all the answers

Which defence mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else?

Projection Signup and view all the answers

What do cognitive-social theories emphasize as important factors in personality?

Encoding, personal value, expectancies, competencies, and self-regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of parental warmth and sensitivity in social development?

Parental warmth and sensitivity are associated with self-esteem, independence, and emotional stability. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does gender socialization typically begin?

Gender socialization begins in early childhood. Signup and view all the answers

What is perspective-taking?

Perspective-taking is the ability to understand other people's viewpoints. Signup and view all the answers

What are gender schemas?

Gender schemas are mental representations that associate psychological characteristics with one sex or the other. Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg's stage theory, at which level of moral reasoning do individuals define right and wrong according to learned cultural standards?

Conventional level Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of moral development suggests that guilt motivates people to obey their conscience?

Psychodynamic theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Eysenck's major factors of personality?

Openness to experience Signup and view all the answers

Which model of personality includes the factors of Honesty–Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience?

HEXACO model Signup and view all the answers

What is the heritability range of personality traits?

15 to 50 percent Signup and view all the answers

According to Mischel's arguments, what activates personality processes?

Particular situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Rogers' person-centred approach?

To understand individuals' phenomenal experience Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to intelligence is theory-driven and draws on research in cognitive science?

Information-processing approach Signup and view all the answers

According to Spearman's two-factor theory, what is the g-factor?

General intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of intelligence distinguishes eight relatively independent and neurologically distinct types of intelligence?

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences Signup and view all the answers

What is emotional intelligence?

The ability to read people's emotions and use one's own emotional responses adaptively Signup and view all the answers

What does the heritability of IQ studies suggest?

IQ is shaped by the interaction of heredity and environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary tool of the psychometric approach to intelligence?

Factor analysis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Attachment Factors

Harlow's experiments with monkeys highlight the importance of comfort and security in attachment.
Separation anxiety typically peaks around 12 to 18 months of age.
Four styles of attachment have been identified through the Strange Situation procedure.
The term "internal working model" describes the mental representations of attachment relationships that infants develop.

Socialization Processes

Socialization refers to the processes through which individuals learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes, and behavior patterns of their society.

Freud's Psychodynamics

Behavior, according to Freud's theory of psychodynamics, is determined by unconscious desires and conflicts.
Basic human motives in Freud's drive model include sexual desires (libido) and aggressive impulses (thanatos).
The phallic stage in Freud's developmental model involves the resolution of the Oedipus complex.
In Freud's structural model, the superego functions as the moral conscience, regulating behavior based on societal standards.

Defense Mechanisms and Theories

Projection is the defense mechanism that attributes one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.
Cognitive-social theories emphasize the role of social influences and cognitive processes in shaping personality.

Parental warmth and sensitivity significantly contribute to healthy emotional and social development in children.
Gender socialization typically begins around 2 to 3 years of age.

Concepts of Development

Perspective-taking is the ability to understand someone else's viewpoint or feelings.
Gender schemas are cognitive frameworks that organize and interpret gender-related information.

Kohlberg's Moral Development

At the conventional level of Kohlberg's stage theory, individuals define right and wrong based on learned cultural standards.
The theory of moral development that posits guilt as a motivator for obeying one's conscience is known as the moral emotions theory.

Personality Models

Eysenck's major factors of personality do not include the concept of narcissism.
The HEXACO model of personality includes Honesty–Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience.
The heritability range of personality traits generally falls between 30% to 50%.

Personality Activation

Mischel argues that situational factors activate personality processes, emphasizing the role of context in behavior.

Rogers' Person-Centred Approach

The purpose of Rogers' person-centered approach is to provide a supportive environment to facilitate personal growth and self-actualization.

Intelligence Theories

The theory-driven approach to intelligence incorporates insights from cognitive science and emphasizes understanding mental processes.
Spearman's two-factor theory defines the g-factor as a general intelligence that encompasses a variety of cognitive abilities.
The theory of multiple intelligences identifies eight distinct types of intelligence, each neurologically independent.
Emotional intelligence involves recognizing, understanding, and managing one’s own and others’ emotions.

IQ and Intelligence Measurement

Studies on the heritability of IQ suggest that genetic and environmental factors both contribute to intelligence.
The primary tool of the psychometric approach to intelligence is intelligence testing, which quantifies cognitive abilities.

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Description

Quiz: Understanding Personality and Ageing Test your knowledge on the relationship between personality and ageing. Discover how personality traits can impact life satisfaction in later life and explore the enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and behavior that define an individual's personality. Explore the connection between fulfilled lives, physical and cognitive health, and active engagement with productive activities and other people.