The Immune System: Secondary Defense
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the immune system as the body's secondary defense?

  • Acting as a physical barrier against pathogens
  • Detecting and eliminating pathogens that bypass primary defenses (correct)
  • Generating antibodies to fight infections
  • Preventing pathogen entry into the body

    • Which primary defenses are complemented by the immune system's secondary defense?

  • Blood clotting
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Antibodies production
  • Skin and mucous membranes (correct)

    • What type of pathogens does the immune system's secondary defense detect and eliminate?

  • Bacteria, viruses, and fungi (correct)
  • Insects
  • Plants
  • Mammals

    • How does immunological memory benefit the immune system?

    <p>It allows for a quicker and more effective response to previously encountered pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main function of the immune system's secondary defense?

    <p>Recognizing and neutralizing pathogens that evade primary defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system when distinguishing between self and non-self?

    <p>Targeting only foreign invaders for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a type of microorganism that can provoke immune responses?

    <p>Plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parasites differ from other pathogens in terms of deriving nutrients?

    <p>Parasites derive nutrients from a host organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immune system's response to abnormal body cells that have undergone mutations?

    <p>Targeting them for destruction to prevent further harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves the production of antibodies and specialized immune cells tailored to target specific pathogens?

    <p>Adaptive Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Innate defenses, such as skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes adaptive immunity from nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Specific targeting of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes nonspecific immunity from specific immunity?

    <p>Nonspecific immunity targets a wide range of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does species resistance relate to nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Species resistance is due to variations in nonspecific immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the inflammatory response?

    <p>Inflammatory response helps contain infections and promote healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons in nonspecific antiviral defense?

    <p>Interferons inhibit viral replication and spread to other cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanical barrier that constitutes the body's first line of defense?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the body's inflammatory response when tissues are damaged from infection or injury?

    <p>Release of cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the classic signs of inflammation?

    <p>Itchiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the inflammatory response in the body's nonspecific immune defenses?

    <p>To promote tissue repair and eliminate pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are recruited to the site of infection or injury during the inflammatory response?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of B cells in specific immunity?

    <p>Producing antibodies to recognize and neutralize specific pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antibodies produced by B cells in specific immunity?

    <p>Recognizing and neutralizing specific pathogens or foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells contribute to specific immunity?

    <p>Directly attacking infected or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of memory cells produced by B cells?

    <p>Provide a faster and more robust response upon re-exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers B cells to start producing antibodies?

    <p>Encountering antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies produced by B cells?

    <p>Neutralize or mark pathogens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do B cells contribute to humoral immunity?

    <p>By producing antibodies against specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the immune system to respond when antigens enter the body?

    <p>Antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>Recognize and bind to specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used interchangeably with 'antibodies'?

    <p>Immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for the immune system to generate a sufficient response of antibodies after antigens enter the body?

    <p>7-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique characteristic of antibodies that allows them to interact with antigens in a highly specific manner?

    <p>Specific structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cell-mediated immunity mediated by T cells?

    <p>Targeting cancerous or virally infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body parts do T cells migrate to in order to encounter pathogens or abnormal cells?

    <p>Spleen, lymph nodes, and circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells actively contribute to the immune system's defense mechanism?

    <p>Surveying the body for signs of infection or abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of white blood cell is involved in targeting pathogens hidden within host cells?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In specific immunity, what do antibodies produced by B cells do to pathogens?

    <p>Neutralize their harmful effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes B cells from T cells?

    <p>T cells act as 'cell thugs' to identify and destroy infected cells, while B cells mark pathogens with antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between innate and acquired immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is non-specific, while acquired immunity is highly targeted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells of the immune system are primarily responsible for the adaptive immune responses in acquired immunity?

    <p>B cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response involves inflammation and fever as part of its defense mechanism?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity involves receiving ready-made antibodies instead of producing them internally?

    <p>Passive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the body's immune system producing antibodies after being exposed to antigens?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes passive immunity from active immunity?

    <p>Active immunity requires exposure to antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation involves active immunity?

    <p>Getting infected with a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of artificial exposure through vaccinations or immunizations?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system for future infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between live attenuated and killed (inactivated) vaccines?

    <p>The viability of the pathogen in the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the process of vaccination or immunization?

    <p>It leads to the creation of antibodies for future protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of live attenuated vaccines?

    <p>They can stimulate a stronger immune response and provide longer-lasting immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system?

    <p>Subunit vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of vaccine are pathogens genetically engineered to produce desired antigens for vaccination?

    <p>Recombinant vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine refers to the process of weakening the virus while retaining its antigenic properties?

    <p>Attenuated vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains a weakened form of the pathogen capable of replicating but not causing disease?

    <p>Killed vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains inactivated pathogens incapable of causing disease but can still stimulate an immune response?

    <p>Subunit vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a vaccine that doesn't work properly due to mistakes during its making?

    <p>Faulty Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of giving too much or too little of a vaccine?

    <p>Reduced Vaccine Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine contains a weakened form of the pathogen capable of replicating but not causing disease?

    <p>Live Attenuated Vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a live attenuated vaccine from an inactivated (killed) vaccine?

    <p>Pathogen Replication Capability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does chronic stress affect the immune system?

    <p>It shrinks the thymus, weakening the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immunization, what can weakened adrenal glands lead to?

    <p>Weakened body's defenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do corticosteroids play in impacting the immune system?

    <p>Inhibit certain immune cells like lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can negatively impact an animal's immune system's response to vaccination?

    <p>Taking certain drugs like prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might animals lacking functional B and T cells face challenges with their immune system?

    <p>They cannot produce antibodies effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is likely to reduce the effectiveness of a vaccine?

    <p>Presence of a weakened immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can significantly influence the efficacy of a vaccine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of genetics in immune response is accurate?

    <p>Variations in genes related to antigen presentation and T cell activation can affect the immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the 'window of vulnerability' in newborn animals?

    <p>Maternal antibodies are present but declining, interfering with vaccine effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the 'window of vulnerability', what is the relationship between maternal antibodies and the newborn animal's susceptibility to infections?

    <p>Low maternal antibody levels leave the animal vulnerable to infections despite vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of vaccinating animals during the 'window of vulnerability'?

    <p>To stimulate the animal's immune system to produce its own antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the anamnestic response contribute to maintaining herd immunity?

    <p>By enhancing the immune system's ability to respond quickly after exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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