The Immune System Quiz

Questions and Answers

What process do granzymes use to enter infected cells?

Passive diffusion

Endocytosis (correct)

Active transport

Membrane fusion

What triggers the apoptosis process within the infected cell?

Helper T cells

Granzymes (correct)

Perforin

Antigen recognition

Which component is responsible for forming pores in the infected cell membrane?

Cytotoxic T cells

Perforin (correct)

Class I MHC

Granzymes

What is a likely consequence of the action of granzymes on an infected cell?

Cell death Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory protein interacts with the MHC class I molecules in this immune response?

Antigen receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the first result of granzymes entering the infected cell?

Fragmentation of the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the first line of defense in the immune system?

External barriers like skin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is present from birth and acts immediately upon infection?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes adaptive immunity?

It develops after exposure to specific pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the nonspecific response of innate immunity?

Phagocytic cells and natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

To defend against infection in body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What describes the recognition process of innate immunity?

It recognizes traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the immune system response?

The adaptive immune response is highly specific. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of innate immunity?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines in the activation of B cells?

They activate the B cell with the help of T cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

Memory B cells and plasma cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do the secreted antibodies from activated B cells target?

The same antigen that triggered the initial B cell response. Signup and view all the answers

How does the helper T cell contribute to B cell activation?

By releasing cytokines that aid in the activation process. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is crucial for the recognition of antigens by B cells?

Antigen receptor on the B cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of memory B cells?

They provide a long-lasting immune response against specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What role do helper T cells play in the immune response?

They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of MHC molecules are recognized by helper T cells?

Class II MHC molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells?

To kill infected cells directly. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the humoral immune response?

Helper T cells activating B cells. Signup and view all the answers

How does a cytotoxic T cell recognize an infected cell?

By recognizing Class I MHC-antigen fragment complexes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the helper T cell activation process?

The generation of a clone of activated helper T cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which process do cytotoxic T cells employ to eliminate infected cells?

Secreting perforins and granzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary roles of antibodies in the humoral immune response?

Neutralize toxins and eliminate pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells in the immune response?

To present antigens to helper T cells. Signup and view all the answers

The protein structure that perforates the membrane of targeted infected cells is known as?

Perforin. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does moderate exercise have on the immune system?

It improves immune system function. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is classified as an autoimmune disease?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of antigenic variation in pathogens?

To evade detection by the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to helper T cells during HIV infection?

They are destroyed. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune response is primarily responsible for defending against intracellular pathogens?

Cell-mediated immune response Signup and view all the answers

What role does psychological stress play in immune system function?

It disrupts immune system regulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the loss of helper T cells in an individual with AIDS?

Severe impairments in immune responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is one common characteristic of immunodeficiency diseases?

Inability to produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of antigenic variation in the human influenza virus?

Need for annual vaccine updates. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a virus that remains inactive within a host without causing symptoms?

Latent virus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Overview

A complex network of cells and proteins defending against infections.
Pathogens, the agents of disease, can infect various animals, including humans.
Recognizes foreign bodies, prompting immune cell and protein production.

Innate Immunity

Present at birth, active immediately upon pathogen exposure.
Provides nonspecific responses to pathogens.
Comprises external barriers (skin, mucous membranes, secretions) and internal defenses (phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory responses).

Adaptive Immunity

Develops after exposure to pathogens such as microbes and toxins.
Involves specific responses tailored to particular pathogens.
Consists of two branches: humoral immune response and cell-mediated immune response.

Humoral Immune Response

Antibodies neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in body fluids.
B cells produce antibodies specific to antigens encountered during initial exposure.

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

Specialized T cells, particularly cytotoxic T cells, destroy infected host cells.
T cells recognize foreign protein fragments presented by infected cells and activate to initiate cell death via apoptosis.

Helper T Cells

Trigger both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
Activated by antigen-presenting cells displaying class II MHC molecules.
Produce cytokines to stimulate B cell and cytotoxic T cell activation.

Cytotoxic T Cells

Effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response.
Recognize infected cells via class I MHC molecules.
Release perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells.

Antibody Production

Activated B cells differentiate into memory B cells and plasma cells.
Plasma cells secrete antibodies specific to the initiating antigen.

Autoimmune Diseases

Immune system mistakenly attacks body’s own cells or molecules.
Examples include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes.

Influence of Exercise and Stress

Moderate exercise enhances immune function.
Psychological stress disrupts immune regulation, affecting hormonal and nervous system interactions.
Adequate rest is essential for maintaining immunity.

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Inborn immunodeficiency arises from genetic or developmental defects.
Acquired immunodeficiency develops due to exposure to harmful agents.

Pathogen Evasion Strategies

Evolved mechanisms, such as antigenic variation, help pathogens avoid immune detection.
Human influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation, necessitating yearly vaccine updates.
Some viruses, like herpes simplex, can remain dormant in hosts without causing symptoms.

HIV and Immune System Attack

HIV targets helper T cells, impairing immune responses and leading to AIDS.
The virus evades immune recognition through variation and latency.
Individuals with AIDS face increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and cancers.
Education on HIV transmission practices is crucial for prevention.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the immune system and its functions. This quiz covers the basics of innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the role of immune cells and proteins in defending against pathogens. Challenge yourself and learn more about how our bodies fight infections!