The Immune System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?

  • Engulfing and destroying bacteria (correct)
  • Production of antibodies
  • Activation of other immune cells
  • Destruction of infected cells by inducing apoptosis

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

  • Regulatory T cell
  • Helper T cell
  • Plasma cell (correct)
  • Cytotoxic T cell

    • What is the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced by macrophages?

  • Stimulating the production of platelets
  • Neutralizing antigens
  • Contributing to fever and stimulating leukocyte production (correct)
  • Inducing apoptosis in infected cells

    • What is the mechanism by which neutrophils reach the site of inflammation?

    <p>Diapedesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cell is responsible for long-term immunity?

    <p>Memory T cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies produced by B cells?

    <p>Neutralizing antigens and marking them for phagocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of platelets in the immune system?

    <p>Stopping bleeding through hemostasis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>Specificity for particular pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Immune System

    The human immune system protects against pathogens and diseases.

    Neutrophils

    A type of granulocyte in the innate immune system that performs phagocytosis.

    Phagocytosis

    The process by which cells engulf and destroy pathogens.

    Macrophages

    Phagocytic cells that arrive at infection sites before neutrophils.

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    T Cells

    Lymphocytes that develop in the thymus and recognize antigens.

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    B Cells

    Lymphocytes that produce antibodies when activated.

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    Cytotoxic T Cells

    T cells that destroy infected cells by inducing apoptosis.

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    Natural Killer Cells

    Innate immune cells that destroy infected and cancer cells without prior sensitization.

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    Study Notes

    The Immune System

    • The human immune system defends the body against harmful pathogens and diseases.
    • Skin serves as a physical barrier, with sebum, produced by sebaceous glands, creating an antimicrobial layer.
    • Mucous membranes in the nose, mouth, and trachea possess cilia that move mucus upward, trapping foreign substances.
    • Bone marrow is the site of stem cell production, differentiating into various immune cells (leukocytes).
    • Leukocytes include neutrophils, T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.

    Neutrophils

    • Neutrophils are a granulocyte within the innate immune system.
    • During inflammation, neutrophils traverse blood vessels via diapedesis, a process of passing through the endothelium.
    • Neutrophils are drawn to inflammation sites by cytokines, a process called chemotaxis.
    • Their primary function is phagocytosis, engulfing and destroying bacteria.

    Macrophages

    • Macrophages are phagocytic cells in the innate immune system.
    • They arrive at the inflammation site before neutrophils.
    • They produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF), contributing to fever, stimulating leukocyte production, and suppressing hunger.

    T Cells

    • T cells are lymphocytes that develop in the thymus.
    • They possess specific receptors recognizing antigens presented by macrophages or antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
    • T cell types include cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells.
    • Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells through apoptosis.
    • Helper T cells activate B cells and other immune cells.
    • Memory T cells provide long-term immunity.
    • Regulatory T cells control immune responses, preventing autoimmune reactions.

    B Cells

    • B cells are lymphocytes developing in the bone marrow.
    • They have specific receptors recognizing antigens.
    • B cells mature into plasma cells, producing antibodies.
    • Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, bind to antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for phagocytosis (opsonization).

    Natural Killer Cells

    • Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system.
    • They target and destroy infected cells and cancer cells without prior sensitization.

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Platelets are cell fragments formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.
    • They are crucial for hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding.
    • Platelets adhere to collagen fibers and each other, forming a platelet plug.
    • Platelets initiate fibrin strand formation, leading to clot formation.

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    Description

    Explore the intricacies of the human immune system, including the roles of various cells like neutrophils and macrophages. Understand how the body defends against pathogens through physical barriers and leukocyte activity. This quiz provides a comprehensive look at immune responses and functions.

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