Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who is the daughter of Leda and Zeus?
Who is the daughter of Leda and Zeus?
What solution does Odysseus propose to Tyndareus regarding the suitors?
What solution does Odysseus propose to Tyndareus regarding the suitors?
Who does Tyndareus ultimately choose as Helen's husband?
Who does Tyndareus ultimately choose as Helen's husband?
What did Menelaus forget to do after being chosen as Helen's husband?
What did Menelaus forget to do after being chosen as Helen's husband?
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What prompts Paris to sail to Sparta?
What prompts Paris to sail to Sparta?
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What happens to Helen upon seeing Paris?
What happens to Helen upon seeing Paris?
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What was the consequence of Helen eloping with Paris?
What was the consequence of Helen eloping with Paris?
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Which character is known for having the gift of prophecy?
Which character is known for having the gift of prophecy?
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What challenge does Paris issue to Menelaus?
What challenge does Paris issue to Menelaus?
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What action does Aphrodite take during the fight between Menelaus and Paris?
What action does Aphrodite take during the fight between Menelaus and Paris?
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Which god is depicted as neutral in the conflict between the Greeks and Trojans?
Which god is depicted as neutral in the conflict between the Greeks and Trojans?
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Who convinces Zeus to allow the war to continue?
Who convinces Zeus to allow the war to continue?
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Who does Athena encourage to break the truce?
Who does Athena encourage to break the truce?
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What is Diomedes' reaction after Menelaus is shot by Pandarus?
What is Diomedes' reaction after Menelaus is shot by Pandarus?
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What injury does Diomedes sustain during his attack?
What injury does Diomedes sustain during his attack?
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Which goddess is described as 'super pro Greece' and advocates for their victory?
Which goddess is described as 'super pro Greece' and advocates for their victory?
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What does Hector challenge regarding his fate during his response to Patroclus?
What does Hector challenge regarding his fate during his response to Patroclus?
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What action does Achilles take after learning about Patroclus' death?
What action does Achilles take after learning about Patroclus' death?
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What does Thetis do to aid Achilles after Patroclus' death?
What does Thetis do to aid Achilles after Patroclus' death?
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What is the immediate result of Achilles entering the battle after receiving his armor?
What is the immediate result of Achilles entering the battle after receiving his armor?
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How does Achilles respond to Scamander's plea during their battle?
How does Achilles respond to Scamander's plea during their battle?
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What tactic does Apollo use to lead Achilles away from the city gates?
What tactic does Apollo use to lead Achilles away from the city gates?
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What was the outcome of Achilles' actions in the river Scamander?
What was the outcome of Achilles' actions in the river Scamander?
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Which character represents a significant source of support for Achilles by mourning and providing assistance?
Which character represents a significant source of support for Achilles by mourning and providing assistance?
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What action did Agamemnon take that sparked Achilles' rage?
What action did Agamemnon take that sparked Achilles' rage?
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What caused Apollo to place a plague on the Greek camps?
What caused Apollo to place a plague on the Greek camps?
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What was the primary reason that Achilles chose not to fight after the insult from Agamemnon?
What was the primary reason that Achilles chose not to fight after the insult from Agamemnon?
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How did Agamemnon attempt to gauge the morale of the Greek troops?
How did Agamemnon attempt to gauge the morale of the Greek troops?
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What role did Odysseus play during a critical moment for the Greek army?
What role did Odysseus play during a critical moment for the Greek army?
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What did Achilles request from his mother after Agamemnon's insult?
What did Achilles request from his mother after Agamemnon's insult?
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What was the outcome of Zeus' dream sent to Agamemnon?
What was the outcome of Zeus' dream sent to Agamemnon?
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Which event marked the beginning of the 10th year of conflict for the Greeks outside Troy?
Which event marked the beginning of the 10th year of conflict for the Greeks outside Troy?
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What action did Odysseus take to avoid going to war initially?
What action did Odysseus take to avoid going to war initially?
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What was the main reason Agamemnon had to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia?
What was the main reason Agamemnon had to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia?
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What motivates Hector to flee when facing Achilles?
What motivates Hector to flee when facing Achilles?
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Which character disguised themselves as merchants to recruit Achilles?
Which character disguised themselves as merchants to recruit Achilles?
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What was the estimated number of ships the Greeks brought to Troy?
What was the estimated number of ships the Greeks brought to Troy?
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What act of disrespect does Achilles commit against Hector's body?
What act of disrespect does Achilles commit against Hector's body?
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What does Hector remind Achilles of before he dies?
What does Hector remind Achilles of before he dies?
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How did Palamedes confirm Odysseus's sanity?
How did Palamedes confirm Odysseus's sanity?
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Who helps Priam sneak into the Greek camp to retrieve Hector’s body?
Who helps Priam sneak into the Greek camp to retrieve Hector’s body?
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What did Achilles's mother, Thetis, do to prevent him from going to war?
What did Achilles's mother, Thetis, do to prevent him from going to war?
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What was the reaction of other Greek leaders when Agamemnon refused to sacrifice Iphigenia?
What was the reaction of other Greek leaders when Agamemnon refused to sacrifice Iphigenia?
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What emotional response does Achilles exhibit when Priam begs for Hector’s body?
What emotional response does Achilles exhibit when Priam begs for Hector’s body?
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What does Patroclus request from Achilles in his ghostly visit?
What does Patroclus request from Achilles in his ghostly visit?
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Which character is recognized as the best warrior among the Greeks?
Which character is recognized as the best warrior among the Greeks?
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What does Achilles do with Hector's body after killing him?
What does Achilles do with Hector's body after killing him?
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How long does Achilles give the Trojans to mourn Hector after returning his body?
How long does Achilles give the Trojans to mourn Hector after returning his body?
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What is the Iliad about?
What is the Iliad about?
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Who is the author of the Iliad?
Who is the author of the Iliad?
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The Iliad is divided into 24 books.
The Iliad is divided into 24 books.
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What is the term for the oral poets of ancient Greece?
What is the term for the oral poets of ancient Greece?
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The Iliad begins in the middle of the action?
The Iliad begins in the middle of the action?
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What is the name of the Greek king who married Thetis?
What is the name of the Greek king who married Thetis?
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Who is the goddess of discord?
Who is the goddess of discord?
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Who is the main character who is offered the power of wisdom, strength, and love?
Who is the main character who is offered the power of wisdom, strength, and love?
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Which of these goddesses is NOT the subject of the bribes offered to Paris?
Which of these goddesses is NOT the subject of the bribes offered to Paris?
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What is the name of the golden apple inscribed with 'for the fairest'?
What is the name of the golden apple inscribed with 'for the fairest'?
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What does Paris choose?
What does Paris choose?
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Paris is a prince of Troy
Paris is a prince of Troy
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What prophecy causes Paris to become a shepherd?
What prophecy causes Paris to become a shepherd?
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What is the name of Paris's father?
What is the name of Paris's father?
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What is the name of the son born to Peleus and Thetis?
What is the name of the son born to Peleus and Thetis?
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What is the name of the woman Paris is promised?
What is the name of the woman Paris is promised?
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Who is Helen's father?
Who is Helen's father?
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Who is Helen's husband?
Who is Helen's husband?
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Helen is the daughter of Zeus.
Helen is the daughter of Zeus.
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What is the name of Helen's sister?
What is the name of Helen's sister?
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Both of Helen's twins are immortal.
Both of Helen's twins are immortal.
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Who proposes the solution to avoid war over Helen?
Who proposes the solution to avoid war over Helen?
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Who does Tyndareus choose as Helen's husband?
Who does Tyndareus choose as Helen's husband?
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What prophecy does Calchas have about the arrival of the Greek ships?
What prophecy does Calchas have about the arrival of the Greek ships?
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Odysseus pretends to be crazy to avoid going to war.
Odysseus pretends to be crazy to avoid going to war.
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Who is the king who disbelieves Odysseus's act?
Who is the king who disbelieves Odysseus's act?
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What does Palamedes do to out Odysseus?
What does Palamedes do to out Odysseus?
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Achilles is a suitor of Helen.
Achilles is a suitor of Helen.
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Why does Thetis want to hide Achilles from the war?
Why does Thetis want to hide Achilles from the war?
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Achilles's mother disguises him as a woman.
Achilles's mother disguises him as a woman.
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Who is Achilles's teacher who tries to convince him to join the war?
Who is Achilles's teacher who tries to convince him to join the war?
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What are the three items that Odysseus uses to try to convince Achilles to join?
What are the three items that Odysseus uses to try to convince Achilles to join?
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Where do the Greek forces agree to meet?
Where do the Greek forces agree to meet?
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What god is angered by Agamemnon's action?
What god is angered by Agamemnon's action?
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What does Artemis demand as a sacrifice?
What does Artemis demand as a sacrifice?
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Who is angered by the death of Iphigenia?
Who is angered by the death of Iphigenia?
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The Greek forces are made up of 1200 ships and 90,000 soldiers.
The Greek forces are made up of 1200 ships and 90,000 soldiers.
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Who leads the Trojan side of the war?
Who leads the Trojan side of the war?
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What does Cassandra prophesy?
What does Cassandra prophesy?
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Paris is a strong warrior.
Paris is a strong warrior.
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Who is the greatest warrior of Troy?
Who is the greatest warrior of Troy?
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Who does Hector lead from the battlefield?
Who does Hector lead from the battlefield?
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What is the name of Hector's wife?
What is the name of Hector's wife?
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Andromache is upset with Hector for fighting in the war.
Andromache is upset with Hector for fighting in the war.
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Who is the leader of the Dardanians?
Who is the leader of the Dardanians?
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Who is the leader of the Lycians?
Who is the leader of the Lycians?
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Who is Sarpedon's mother?
Who is Sarpedon's mother?
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What is the name of the Trojan spy?
What is the name of the Trojan spy?
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Dolon is killed by Odysseus.
Dolon is killed by Odysseus.
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Odysseus and Diomedes sneak into the Trojan camp to cause damage.
Odysseus and Diomedes sneak into the Trojan camp to cause damage.
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Who does Nestor ask to convince Achilles to return to the war?
Who does Nestor ask to convince Achilles to return to the war?
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Who does Apollo encourage to shoot at Menelaus?
Who does Apollo encourage to shoot at Menelaus?
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Who does Diomedes fight in the river?
Who does Diomedes fight in the river?
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Hephaestus helps the Trojans
Hephaestus helps the Trojans
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Apollo disguises himself as a Trojan general to convince Achilles to come out and fight?
Apollo disguises himself as a Trojan general to convince Achilles to come out and fight?
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Achilles kills Hector during the battle.
Achilles kills Hector during the battle.
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What does Achilles do to Hector's corpse?
What does Achilles do to Hector's corpse?
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Who is the visitor who greets Achilles in his dreams?
Who is the visitor who greets Achilles in his dreams?
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Achilles returns Hector's body to Priam without any conditions.
Achilles returns Hector's body to Priam without any conditions.
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What god helps Priam enter the Greek camp?
What god helps Priam enter the Greek camp?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Homer's Iliad
- The Iliad is an epic poem about the Trojan War.
- It's one of the oldest texts still read today.
- Written by Homer around 700 BCE.
- Divided into 24 books.
- Presented in media res (in the middle of the action).
Preface to the Trojan War
- Peleus (a king) and Thetis (a sea goddess) had a wedding.
- Eris (disagreement) was not invited, but showed up uninvited.
- She gave a gift, a golden apple, that caused an argument between Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena.
- The goddesses need a judge to decide.
- A random shepherd, Paris, a prince of Troy, was selected to judge.
How Paris Became a Shepherd
- Paris was the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba.
- A prophecy foretold a dreadful future for Paris, causing his parents to abandon him.
- He was left on a mountain and raised by a she-bear.
Meanwhile...Thetis and Achilles
- Peleus and Thetis had a son named Achilles.
- A prophecy foretold Achilles’ tragic death.
- Thetis sought to protect him by various methods.
Helen of Sparta
- Daughter of Tyndareus (King of Sparta) and Leda.
- Considered the most beautiful woman alive.
- Her abduction by Paris triggered the Trojan War.
Leda and the Swan
- Leda was seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan.
- She had two eggs out of which Helen and Clytemnestra, and Castor and Pollux were born.
- One of each of the twins is immortal.
The Dioscuri
- Castor and Pollux are twin half-brothers.
- Castor was the son of Leda and Tyndareus
- Pollux was the son of Leda and Zeus.
- They were great warriors and later became gods of horse riders and sailors.
Helen's Suitors
- Helen had many suitors, mostly Greek princes and kings.
- Tyndareus, her father, was afraid of violent retaliation if he chose one suitor.
- A solution was suggested by Odysseus: all suitors had to swear an oath to defend Helen’s marriage.
Tyndareus' Choice
- Tyndareus chose Menelaus, Prince of Mycenae as Helen’s husband.
- Menelaus had political power and was supposed to sacrifice 100 cows to Aphrodite; however, he forgot.
- He later became the King of Sparta.
Paris at Troy
- Paris participated in games at Troy, and his sister (Cassandra) recognized him.
- He returned to Troy and became a prince.
The Abduction of Helen
- Paris learned of Helen's marriage to Menelaus and realized she was the woman he was promised.
- He sailed to Sparta.
- He was accepted as a guest.
- Helen fell instantly in love with him.
- Using a trick, she sneaked away to Troy.
The Suitor's Promise
- Menelaus was furious thinking Helen was abducted.
- He and Odysseus went to Troy to resolve this peacefully, but Troy refused to return her.
- All the kings and princes of Greece swore an oath to defend Helen's marriage.
- Menelaus went to Agamemnon to rally the Greek forces.
Gathering of Greek Forces
- Mycenae was one of the most powerful cities in Greece at the time.
- Menelaus asked Agamemnon to enforce the oath to defend Helen.
- Messengers were sent to all cities/kingdoms to call forces to war.
- Most suitors agreed to gather forces; however, some did not.
Odysseus' Deception
- Odysseus pretended to be crazy to avoid the war.
- Palamedes, another king, exposed Odysseus's deception.
- Odysseus was forced to agree to join the war.
Recruiting Number 1: Achilles
- Achilles was the best warrior in Greece but was not a suitor.
- He was not obligated to go to war.
- The Greeks wanted him because he was a great warrior and he was an excellent fighter.
- His mother, Thetis, was worried about the prophecy, so she disguised him as a woman.
- Odysseus convinced him to join the war in disguise.
Trouble at Aulis
- Calchas, advisor and seer of the Greek forces, revealed that Artemis was angered with Agamemnon.
- Artemis demanded a sacrifice of his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease her.
- Agamemnon reluctantly sacrificed his daughter.
- Clytemnestra, Agamemnon’s wife, was devastated by her daughter’s death.
Iphigenia
- Iphigenia was killed as a sacrifice, but Artemis ultimately spared her by transferring her body to her place among the maidens.
- She was brought back as one of Artemis' maidens.
The Greek Numbers
- Book 2 of the Iliad gives details about the Greek forces.
- Roughly 1200 ships and 90,000 soldiers.
Let's Talk About Troy
- Troy was a strong city, even stronger than Mycenae in Greece.
- Troy had many allies, helping them fight against the Greeks.
- The walls of Troy were built by Poseidon and Apollo.
- Led by King Priam.
King Priam
- Old King of Troy
- Leader of the Trojan side of the war.
- Good and reasonable king.
Queen Hecuba
- Queen of Troy
- Intelligent and pious.
- Mother of many important children, including Hector.
Paris
- Lover boy
- Started the war.
- Kind of weak, not good at fighting but skilled archer.
- Son of Priam and Hecuba.
Cassandra
- Princess of Troy.
- Daughter of Priam and Hecuba.
- Priestess of Apollo.
- Had the gift of prophecy, but it was cursed, such that no one believed her prophecies.
Hector
- Eldest son of Priam and Hecuba.
- Considered the greatest warrior of Troy.
- Led the Trojan troops in the battlefield, and he was very brave and protective of his people.
- Incredibly strong and gracious.
- Loved by the people.
Andromache
- Wife of Hector.
- Mother to their son Astyanax.
- Did not want Hector to go the war because she did not want their son to grow up without a father.
Troilus
- Son of Priam and Hecuba
- Prophecy foretold his death, but some accounts state no such prophecy.
- Beautiful.
- One of the Trojan leaders, though young.
Aeneas
- Leader of the Dardanians.
- Son of Anchises and Aphrodite.
- Hector's right-hand man.
- The Aeneid.
Sarpedon
- Leader of the Lycians.
- Son of Zeus and Europa.
- Great general.
Story of Zeus and Europa
- Europa was a Phoenician princess.
- Zeus was in love with her and transformed himself into a bull to seduce her.
Story of Zeus and Europa's children
- Zeus gave her gifts (Talos, Laelaps, a perfect javelin)
- She had children (Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon)-- future judges of the Underworld.
- Sarpedon left Crete and became a great ruler of Lycia in the Trojan War.
The Greeks Arrive
Zeus's Dream to Agamemnon
The Gods Debate
- Aphrodite saved Paris, causing confusion about the war's outcome.
- The Gods deliberated about the war and some had strong biases in either side.
- Zeus wanted the war to end, while other Gods believed the war should continue and favored the Greeks.
The Sides (Gods)
- Greeks: Athena, Hera, Poseidon
- Trojans: Apollo, Aphrodite, Ares
- Neutral: Zeus
- Uncommitted: Hades, Hermes, Demeter
The Confusion is Broken
- Zeus sent Athena to start the fighting.
- Athena went to Pandarus, the Trojan's best archer, who shot an arrow at Menelaus.
- The truce was broken, and the war resumed.
Diomedes
- Diomedes was one of the original suitors for Helen.
- A skilled warrior, but not necessarily the best.
- He hopped off his chariot and rushed into the Trojans after Pandarus shot Menelaus.
- He was exceptionally skilled, even able to injure and kill some gods.
Divine Help (Diomedes)
- Pandarus saw Diomedes, and aimed his bow to shoot him. Diomedes ripped out the arrow, and prayed to Athena for strength.
- Athena gave him strength in addition to insight and the ability to see other Gods, granting advantageous support in the battle.
Absolute Domination (Diomedes)
- Athena gave Diomedes strength and the ability to see other Gods.
- She warned him to stay away from all the Gods except Aphrodite.
- Diomedes continued his rampage, described as a lion attacking a flock of sheep.
Death of Pandarus
- Aeneas was concerned after Pandarus was shot by Diomedes.
- Pandarus said he already shot Diomedes, but felt no harm.
- Diomedes threw a spear at Pandarus, hitting him in the face, killing him.
Diomedes vs. Aeneas
- Aeneas jumped out to protect Pandarus' corpse.
- Diomedes didn't care about honor, and proceeded to attack Aeneas' corpse.
- Aeneas was knocked out, but not killed.
- Someone else interrupted the fight.
Diomedes Wounds a Goddess (Aphrodite)
- Aphrodite appeared to protect Aeneas and carried him off.
- Diomedes was able to see her thanks to Athena.
- Diomedes gouged Aphrodite's wrist.
- Aphrodite shrieked and was carried back to Olympus by Iris.
Aeneas Saved; Enter Ares
- Diomedes tried to fight Apollo, but Apollo pushed him back every time.
- Diomedes gave up on killing Aeneas and went to fight other enemies.
- Apollo took Aeneas to Artemis to be healed.
- Apollo called out to Ares to defeat Diomedes.
Ares
- Diomedes was no match for Ares. However, Ares and other Trojans took the lead, pushing the Greeks back near their ships.
- Hera and Athena complained to Zeus, about the Trojans' victory.
- Zeus allowed them to fight.
Athena vs. Ares
- Athena went down to Diomedes to fight beside him, and Athena fought Ares.
- Diomedes wounded Ares with his spear.
- Ares retreated, leaving the fight.
- The Greeks pushed the Trojans back.
Hector Rallies
- Hector was concerned about the Greeks' advances.
- He went to the city mid-battle, encouraging everyone to pray to the gods.
- He grabbed Paris and made him fight.
- The Trojans held their ground.
Hector vs. Ajax
- Hector fought with reinforcements and Paris.
- Ajax wished to duel with him on the battlefield, and Hector agreed.
- They fought for hours, evenly matched.
- The battle ended with nightfall.
Temporary Truce
- The battle ended at nightfall.
- Greeks and Trojans agreed to a one-day truce to bury those who had fallen.
- They discussed the future of Helen's return
- Paris refused to return Helen.
- Greeks built a trench and wall for support.
The Next Morning
- Zeus prevented Gods from interfering in the battle.
- Trojans prevailed, pushing Greeks back to their walls.
- Hera and Athena couldn't help.
- Battle ended at nightfall.
Greeks Are Desperate
- Agamemnon recognized wrongdoing
- He sent his people to apologize to Achilles.
- They delivered Briseis to return her, along with gifts to appease Achilles and Patroclus
- He refused to fight until the Trojans attacked their ships.
The Trojan Spy
- Hector wanted to spy on the Greek camp.
- He sent a Trojan named Dolon to spy.
- Dolon agreed to be the spy in exchange for Achilles' chariots and horses after the war.
- Odysseus and Diomedes caught Dolon
- Dolon was executed.
Spies Collide
Spies Invade
Nestor's Plea
- Nestor, an old, wise king who encouraged fighting, asked Patroclus to convince Achilles to help the Greeks.
- He asked to convince Achilles to help the Greeks, and motivate his troops, if Achilles would not help in person.
Patroclus' Response
- Patroclus was moved by Nestor's words.
- He doubted he would succeed in convincing Achilles to provide help.
The Battle Continues
- Hector led a charge against the Greek camp walls.
- It was a bloody battle.
- The Trojans pushed the Greeks back to their ships.
- Hera and Poseidon became angry at Zeus for not helping the Greeks.
- Poseidon disobeyed Zeus to help the Greeks.
Hera Seduces Zeus
- Hera seduced Zeus to cause him to fall asleep.
- Poseidon used this opportunity to help the Greeks.
- The Greeks pushed the Trojans back to the front of their camp.
- Ajax wounded Hector and Hector returned to the city for healing.
Zeus Wakes Up; Trojans to Ships
- Zeus woke up and was angry with Poseidon's disobedience.
- He sent Apollo to help the Trojans.
- The Trojans, with Apollo's help, pushed again reaching Greek ships.
Patroclus Fed Up
- Patroclus was upset with the Greeks' losses.
- Patroclus confronted Achilles.
- Achilles allowed Patroclus to fight.
Patroclus Leads the Charge
-
Patroclus charged into the battle, wearing Achilles' armor.
-
The Trojans were terrified.
-
Patroclus pushed the Trojans back to near the city walls.
-
Patroclus killed Sarpedon, but he was eventually killed by Apollo and Euphorbus.
The Fall of Patroclus
- At the city walls. Patroclus killed Cebriones,
- Patroclus was pursuing the Trojans, attempting to enter the city.
- Apollo hit Patroclus in the back of the head, stunning him.
- Euphorbus, Troy's best Spearman, pierced Patroclus causing him to retreat.
The Death of Patroclus
- Hector saw Patroclus retreating and chased after him.
- Hector caught Patroclus, turned him around, and drove his spear deep into Patroclus' stomach.
- Patroclus fell to the ground with a thud, dying but not yet dead.
Hector to Patroclus
Patroclus' Dying Response
Hector's Response to the Dead Patroclus
Aftermath
Aftermath: The following night
The Morning
The Battle
- Zeus lifted the ban on the Gods so they could aid the battle on either side.
- Achilles, enraged and grieving, pushed the Trojans back towards the Scamander River.
- He fought in the river itself.
Achilles vs. Scamander
- Achilles killed half of the Trojan army in the River Scamander.
- The bodies of Trojans clogged the river.
- Scamander, the god of the river, challenged Achilles to stop fighting, but Achilles refused.
- Hephaestus threw fireballs onto Scamander to aid Achilles.
Retreat
The Chase
The Fight
- Athena influenced Hector to return to engage in the battle.
- Achilles and Hector engaged in a duel.
- Achilles killed Hector in the neck.
- Before he died, Hector reminded Achilles of his own fate
- Priam, Hecuba, and Andromache watched from the wall.
- Achilles took Hector's armor.
- Achilles then showed disrespect to the dead body of Hector.
Disrespecting the Corpse
Afterwords
Patroclus' visit
The Following weeks
Priam's Visit
Images of battles and important moments.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key characters and events from Homer's 'The Iliad'. This quiz covers important figures such as Helen, Paris, Menelaus, and the divine interventions that shape the Trojan War. Explore the complexities of alliances and prophecies in this epic tale.
