Lecture 5 - The Human Genome Project Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the primary goals of the Human Genome Project?

  • To identify all genes in human DNA (correct)
  • To develop new medications
  • To enhance physical capabilities in humans
  • To map the neural connections in the brain

What percentage of the human genome is made up of protein coding genes?

  • 5%
  • 3%
  • 1.5% (correct)
  • 10%

How many protein coding genes were identified through the Human Genome Project?

  • 25,000
  • 20,000
  • 22,000 (correct)
  • 30,000

What ethical concern is raised regarding the use of genetic information?

<p>Potential hiring discrimination by employers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Francis Crick use to describe the flow of genetic information?

<p>Central Dogma of Molecular Biology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does reverse transcription play in molecular biology?

<p>It converts RNA back to DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key benefits of the Human Genome Project related to medicine?

<p>Creating predictive and personalized medicine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential psychological impact could result from knowing one's genotype?

<p>Fear of a short lifespan (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trait did Mendel identify as dominant in his pea plant experiments?

<p>Yellow pea color (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term Mendel used to describe a trait that is not expressed in the presence of a dominant trait?

<p>Recessive trait (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Mendel's First Law of Inheritance, what happens to the alleles during gamete formation?

<p>They get segregated (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mendel's experiments showed that offspring receive how many alleles from each parent?

<p>One allele for each trait (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Mendel's pure breeding lines play in his experiments?

<p>They provided control over traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scientific theory did Walter Sutton propose regarding Mendel's 'factors'?

<p>They are carried on chromosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Mendel's pea plant experiments, what was the offspring phenotype ratio when pure yellow and pure green peas were crossed then self-pollinated?

<p>3:1 yellow to green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes do female grasshoppers have according to Sutton's findings?

<p>22 plus an XX pair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the first complete draft of the human genome sequence reported?

<p>2003 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the "Central Dogma" of molecular biology?

<p>DNA makes RNA, which makes protein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery revisited the Central Dogma?

<p>Reverse transcription and RNA replication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Gregor Mendel use pea plants in his experiments?

<p>They can self-pollinate and cross-pollinate easily (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Law of Segregation in Mendelian genetics?

<p>Each gamete receives only one allele for a trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Walter Sutton propose in 1902 about Mendel’s factors?

<p>They are linked to physical characteristics of chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the unexpected observation made by Thomas Morgan in 1910?

<p>Mutant fruit flies had white eyes, showing sex-linked inheritance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique allows scientists to determine unknown alleles using Mendel’s methods?

<p>Test cross. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allelomorph, as defined by Mendel?

<p>An alternative form of a factor, now called alleles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gregor Mendel demonstrate through his experiments with pea plants?

<p>Inheritance follows specific patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to alleles during gamete formation according to Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

<p>Each gamete receives one of the two alleles for a trait. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Walter Sutton’s studies in grasshoppers reveal?

<p>Chromosomes are the basis of Mendelian inheritance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a test cross typically determine?

<p>The unknown alleles of a trait by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

<p>To describe the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio did Mendel observe in the F2 generation of his pea experiments with dominant and recessive traits?

<p>3:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key observation led Thomas Morgan to discover sex-linked inheritance?

<p>White-eyed mutant fruit flies appeared only in males. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the Human Genome Project?

The Human Genome Project was a large-scale research project that aimed to map and sequence the entire human genome. It was completed in 2003, offering a comprehensive understanding of our genetic blueprint.

What were the goals of the Human Genome Project?

The Human Genome Project aimed to identify all genes in human DNA, sequence the DNA base pairs, store this information, improve data analysis tools, transfer technologies to private sectors, and address the ethical and social implications.

How many protein-coding genes are in the human genome?

The Human Genome Project revealed that we have approximately 22,000 protein-coding genes, which make up only 1.5% of the entire human genome.

How does the Human Genome Project help us understand our evolutionary history?

By comparing the human genome with that of chimpanzees, we can identify genes that contribute to unique human traits.

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How does the Human Genome Project benefit personalized medicine?

Personalized medicine uses genetic information to tailor treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup, making it more effective and safe.

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How does the Human Genome Project improve genetic screening?

Genetic screening can be improved to identify disease risks based on an individual's genetic information, leading to predictive, preventative, and personalized medical care.

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What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

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Does The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology account for all information flow?

The Central Dogma also recognizes other routes of information flow, such as reverse transcription and RNA replication, but at the time these were not well-supported by experimental evidence.

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Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel, a pioneer in genetics, demonstrated that certain traits in pea plants are inherited in predictable patterns, later known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.

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Why Mendel chose peas?

Mendel chose peas (Pisum Sativum) for his experiments due to their ability to produce numerous offspring, short lifespans, self- and cross-pollination capabilities, and the presence of distinct pure-breeding lines with contrasting traits.

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The Blending Inheritance Theory

Prior to Mendel's work, the prevailing belief was that traits blend together in offspring, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics.

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Dominant Trait (Yellow Pea)

Mendel termed the yellow pea color as a dominant trait, which means that it masks the expression of the recessive trait (green pea color).

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Test Cross

A test cross involves crossing an individual with an unknown genotype for a specific trait with a homozygous recessive individual for the same trait. This helps determine the unknown genotype.

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Law of Segregation

The Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, so that each gamete receives only one allele for a trait.

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Homozygote vs. Heterozygote

An individual carrying two identical alleles for a trait is called a homozygote, while an individual carrying two different alleles for a trait is called a heterozygote.

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Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Walter Sutton proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance in 1902. He observed that chromosomes behaved in a way similar to Mendel's 'factors' (now known as genes) during cell division, suggesting that genes reside on chromosomes.

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Study Notes

The Human Genome Project (HGP)

  • The HGP involved determining the sequence of human DNA.
  • Rough drafts were published in 2001.
  • The first complete draft was reported on April 14, 2003.

Goals of the HGP

  • Identify all human genes.
  • Determine the sequence of DNA base pairs.
  • Store the information in databases.
  • Develop tools for data analysis.
  • Transfer technologies to the private sector.
  • Address ethical, legal, and social issues.

Number of Protein-Coding Genes

  • 22,000 protein-coding genes were identified.
  • Only 1.5% of the human genome codes for proteins.

Genome Sizes

  • Different organisms have vastly different genome sizes.
  • Humans have a haploid genome size of approximately 3.2 billion base pairs (3.2 Gbp).

Benefits of HGP

  • Understanding evolution by comparing human and chimpanzee genomes.
  • Identifying toxic or beneficial drugs.
  • Predictive, preventative, and personalized medicine.
  • Fair use of genetic information.
  • Employment discrimination based on genetic information.
  • Health insurance companies refusing to provide coverage.
  • Psychological impact of knowing about a short lifespan.
  • Stigmatization due to genetic information.

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

  • Proposed in 1958 by Francis Crick.
  • Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
  • Information cannot be transferred from protein to DNA.
  • This central dogma describes DNA replication, transcription, translation, reverse transcription, and RNA replication.

Gregor Mendel's Laws of Inheritance

  • Mendel studied pea plants to understand inheritance patterns.
  • His study led to the first law of inheritance or the Law of Segregation.
  • Two factors for each trait from each parent.

Sex-Linked Inheritance

  • Morgan discovered that traits linked to the sex chromosomes.
  • Morgan used fruit flies in his experiments.
  • Eye color is a sex-linked trait.

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Lecture 5: The Human Genome Project PDF

Description

Explore the key aspects of the Human Genome Project, including its goals, achievements, and the implications of genetic research. This quiz covers important topics such as the sequencing of human DNA, the number of identified genes, and ethical considerations associated with genetic data. Test your knowledge about the HGP and its impact on science and medicine.

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