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Questions and Answers

What happened when Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan?

  • Both religions practices remained completely separate.
  • Mahayana Buddhism became the dominant religion.
  • Shinto kami were viewed as forms of Buddhist deities. (correct)
  • Buddhist monks rejected Shinto kami entirely.

    • What aspect strongly associated Shinto in Japan?

  • Ceramics and architecture.
  • Philosophy and metaphysics.
  • Agriculture, fertility, and birth. (correct)
  • Funerals and the afterlife.

    • Which of the following is NOT a way in which Shinto and Buddhism accommodated each other?

  • Shinto adopted practices such as venerating statues.
  • Shinto shrines featured Chinese architectural details.
  • Shinto shrines usually included Buddhist places of worship.
  • Buddhism completely took over Shinto rituals. (correct)

    • What cultural influences did contact with China bring to Japan?

    <p>A variety of aspects including writing, architecture, and philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Japanese adapt the system of writing introduced by China?

    <p>They adapted it for their own use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious practices were commonly shared between Shinto and Buddhism?

    <p>Venerating statues and preaching sermons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major reason Shinto did not disappear despite the rise of Buddhism?

    <p>Shinto was often associated with daily life and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical relationship did Shinto and Buddhism represent in Japan?

    <p>A blend of practices and mutual accommodation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Amaterasu spit out after eating pieces of Susanowo's sword?

    <p>Three new female deities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Susanowo's task to gain acceptance into Amaterasu's kingdom?

    <p>Create male deities to prove his good intent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect did Amaterasu's retreat to the cave have on the world?

    <p>It plunged the earth into darkness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Susanowo create the male kami?

    <p>By eating a string of jewels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one method used by the heavenly kami to coax Amaterasu out of the cave?

    <p>Hanging a soft white cloth and jewels from a tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did Susanowo take against a celestial horse?

    <p>He skinned it alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Amaterasu initially reject Susanowo's access to her realm?

    <p>He caused destruction and chaos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first step taken by the heavenly kami to bring light back to the world?

    <p>Bring roosters to crow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the beneficial spirits known as in Chinese belief?

    <p>Shen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sacrifice was occasionally recorded as a supreme offering to deities?

    <p>Human sacrifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a negative force in nature according to the concept of yin and yang?

    <p>Darkness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the positive force in the yin and yang concept?

    <p>The sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the general belief regarding the spirits known as Kuei?

    <p>They were associated with dark and gloomy places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of Taoism mentioned in the content?

    <p>Interconnectedness with Chinese folk religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did ancient Chinese philosophers explain the operations of the universe?

    <p>Via the interaction of yin and yang forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which century did Lao Tzu live?

    <p>6th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Chinese spirituality, what did the common people generally perform to appease the Shen?

    <p>Sacrifices and rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did archaeological findings suggest about the wealth of certain deceased individuals?

    <p>They sometimes had servants and wives buried with them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which text is associated with the philosophical foundations of Taoism?

    <p>Tao Te Ching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of life does Taoism emphasize according to the content?

    <p>Unity with nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marked the beginning of ritual veneration of Confucius?

    <p>The life of Lao Tzu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the origins of Taoism?

    <p>A blend of various mystical and philosophical ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the practices associated with Taoism?

    <p>Breathing exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant historical event impacting religious practices in China in 1966?

    <p>The Cultural Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Ho-deri's primary characteristic?

    <p>He had a violent temper.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who advised Hoho-demi on what to do after losing the fishhook?

    <p>The sea deity Shihotsuchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between Hoho-demi and Toyo-Tama-bimi?

    <p>They were married.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What magical abilities did Hoho-demi receive from the sea god Ohowata-tsumi?

    <p>Jewel to control water levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cause of Hoho-demi's homesickness?

    <p>He longed for his family and home in Kyushu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the fish with the sore mouth represent in the story?

    <p>The location of the fishhook.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution did Ohowata-tsumi take before returning the fishhook to Hoho-demi?

    <p>He advised him to stay away from his brother.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the magical jewels given to Hoho-demi?

    <p>They provided power over the waters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Historical Development of Shinto

    • Shinto blended with Mahayana Buddhism when it came to Japan
    • Buddhist monks considered Shinto kami as different forms of Mahayana Buddha’s, bodhisattvas
    • Buddhist deities were preached to be already worshipped in Japan but under Shinto names
    • Although there was resistance at first, both religions’ practices blended
    • Japan adopted Chinese writing system and aspects of Chinese culture, including: architecture, poetry, ceramics, art, philosophy, cuisine, clothing design & city planning
    • Though enthusiastic about Buddhism and Chinese culture, Shinto did not disappear
    • Shinto and Buddhism co-existed, with Shinto being associated with agriculture, fertility and birth
    • Buddhism was called upon for philosophy, serious illnesses, funerals, and the afterlife

    Accommodations between Shinto and Buddhism

    • Shinto shrines had Buddhist places of worship or Buddhist rites for the kami
    • Buddhist temples had Shinto shrines on their grounds
    • Shinto adopted Buddhist practices of preaching sermons, venerating statues, and using incense
    • Shinto shrines featured Chinese architectural details

    Amaterasu and Susanowo

    • Amaterasu, the supreme heavenly kami, could create deities at will.
    • Susanowo was challenged to create deities to prove his good intent and be admitted into Amaterasu’s kingdom
    • Amaterasu ate pieces of Susanowo's sword and spat out three new female deities
    • Amaterasu gave Susanowo a string of her jewels, which he ate and spat out five new male kami
    • Amaterasu acknowledged the creation of these deities as proof of Susanowo’s good intent and admitted him to her realm
    • Susanowo began to harass Amaterasu and her kingdom, causing chaos and plunging the earth into darkness
    • Amaterasu retreated to a heavenly cave and refused to come out, leaving evil spirits to rule
    • Amaterasu was coaxed out of the cave by roosters crowing, a great tree adorned with soft white cloth and glorious jewels

    Ninigi and his Children

    • Ninigi, Amaterasu's grandson, descended to Earth and ruled there
    • Ninigi had three sons, Ho-deri, Hoho-demi and a third whose name is not mentioned
    • Ho-deri was strong and violent, and possessed a magical fishhook
    • Hoho-demi, the younger brother, borrowed the fishhook and lost it
    • Hoho-demi was assisted by the sea deity Shihotsuchi to find the fishhook
    • Hoho-demi journeyed to the palace of the sea god Ohowata-tsumi, where he met and married ToyoTamabimim, the sea god’s daughter
    • The sea god Ohowata-tsumi helped recover the fishhook and gave Hoho-demi the magical jewels of the sea gods
    • Hoho-demi returned to his home in Kyushu with Toyo-Tamabimim

    The History of Taoism and the Life of Lao Tzu

    • Taoism is a collection of observations about nature, philosophical insights, guidelines for living, health exercises, protection rituals, practices for longevity and inner purity
    • Daoism includes ideas and practices from the earliest phases represented in Daodejing and Zhuangzi, as well as later developments (including rituals, philosophy, etc.)
    • The origin of Taoism is mysterious
    • Taoism has roots in shamanism, appreciation for the hermit’s life, a desire for unity with nature, and fascination with health, long life, breathing, meditation, and trance
    • Taoism is interconnected with Chinese folk religion

    Chinese Religion Timeline

    • 11th century BCE: Development of belief in Shang Ti
    • 6th century BCE: Life of Lao Tzu
    • 4th century BCE: Composition of Tao Te Ching
    • 551-479 BCE: Life of Confucius
    • 468-390 BCE: Life of Mo-tzu
    • 3rd century BCE: Buddhism enters China
    • 298-238 BCE: Life of Mencius
    • 195 CE: Ritual veneration of Confucius begins
    • 1503: Ritual veneration of Confucius suppressed
    • 1851-64: Tai Ping rebellion
    • 19th century: Large-scale Christian missionary activity
    • 1949: Communist revolution founding of the People’s Republic of China
    • 1966: Cultural Revolution; severe repression of religions
    • 1977: Death of Chairman Mao; relaxation on religions

    Local Deities and Spirits

    • In addition to the major deities of the heavens and the earth, the Chinese believed in several kinds of local deities and spirits
    • Beneficial spirits were known as Shen, dwelling in bright and lighted places
    • Spirits associated with dark and gloomy places were known as Kuei
    • People performed sacrifices and rituals to appease the Shen and protect themselves from the Kuei
    • Offerings to the deities typically included animals or grain, but human sacrifice was sometimes practiced for the supreme offering

    Ying and Yang

    • The concept of yin and yang explains the true nature of the universe
    • Yin is the negative force: darkness, coolness, females, dampness, earth, moon, and shadows
    • Yang is the positive force: lightness, brightness, warmth, maleness, dryness, and the sun
    • The universe operates through the balanced interplay between these two forces
    • All of nature, humankind, and events are a combination of both forces, except for a few objects that are clearly yin or yang

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