Part II. Theories of PA

<p>Utility maximization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The extent to which public administration is governed by specific rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Market-based tools and economic incentives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the level of individual freedom and group control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires control mechanisms to measure achievements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Market vs. hierarchy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choices are largely restricted by established rules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Buchanan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interaction between politics and public administration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural Theory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Members participating only once a year during a specific holiday. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different approaches to social control based on GRID and GROUP theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A high-GRID, high-GROUP society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bureaucrats are often viewed as self-interested and greedy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consumers dictate the direction of service providers through their choices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To promote competition and efficiency in public sector services. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The state should minimize its size and focus on specific citizen needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some form of measuring performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As self-serving individuals at the expense of taxpayers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-interest that aligns with the greater good. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals are primarily motivated by their own self-interest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Well-informed rational users calculating costs and benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As a positive, solidarity-based entity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A self-interested utility maximizer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The group is considered central (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via peer pressure rather than formal hierarchies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incentives and competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are typically seen as self-interested (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The individualist model allows for more choice for citizens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Payment should be related to actual results and performance management. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bureaucrats find ways around rules due to rational self-interest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A balance between public duty and personal monetary gain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paying salaries on a daily basis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rewards should be directly paid by service users to bureaucrats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He discussed the importance of rewards and incentives for efficiency. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pay the minimum amount for performance to keep costs low. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher salaries should be implemented for positions vulnerable to corruption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every citizen had equal rights to vote and speak in the assembly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Public officials were elected for limited time with equal pay. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It emphasizes voluntary contribution and citizen engagement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peer accountability and elections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Community responsibility for policy implementation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All citizens participated directly in decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collaboration exists between professional administration and communities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ancient Rome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The degree to which individual and behavior is subject to regulation. A low-GRID society allows individuals more freedom to make choices, while a high-GRID society has strict rules.

The degree to which an individual's choices are constrained by group choices. A low GROUP dimension indicates weak group cohesiveness, allowing more individual freedom, while a high GROUP dimension imposes strong group pressure.

A model of state organization that emphasizes limited rules and individual freedom. This model is characterized by a low-GRID and a low-GROUP dimension.

A model of state organization that emphasizes strong rules and individual autonomy but weak group pressure. This model is characterized by a high-GRID and a low-GROUP dimension.

A model of state organization that emphasizes strong rules and strong group pressure. This model is characterized by a high-GRID and a high-GROUP dimension.

A model of state organization that emphasizes flexible rules and strong group pressure. This model is characterized by a low-GRID and a high-GROUP dimension.

A way to analyze and categorize different types of societies and cultures based on their levels of individual freedom and group pressure. This theory uses the GRID and GROUP dimensions to create four models of social organization.

The extent to which public administration is governed by specific rules and regulations. This concept is linked to the GRID dimension.

The belief that any form of group organization, including the state, limits individual freedom and leads to the enslavement of individuals. This view is often associated with neo-liberalism.

A set of theories that use economic tools to analyze political behavior. These theories focus on the self-interest of voters, politicians, and bureaucrats, and use concepts like utility maximization and game theory to explain political phenomena.

An economic theory that applies the same principles of self-interest and optimization to the study of bureaucracy. It assumes that bureaucrats aim to maximize their own utility, which may not always align with the public good.

A theory that compares the efficiency of markets and hierarchies in coordinating economic activity. It argues that markets are more efficient in certain situations due to lower transaction costs.

The use of economic incentives and financial rewards to motivate public sector workers. This approach emphasizes performance and results, rather than following strict rules and procedures.

A system of evaluating and rewarding public sector employees based on their performance. It involves setting clear goals and measuring results to ensure accountability and efficiency.

The challenge of measuring and verifying the performance of public sector agencies, which can be complex and subjective. This can lead to difficulties in applying market-based management tools effectively.

Individuals are primarily understood as consumers of public services, having the freedom to choose service providers. This competition amongst service providers creates incentives for them to improve their offerings and meet the needs of the consumers, creating a market-like system in the public sector.

A critique of bureaucracy that views bureaucrats as self-interested individuals driven by personal gain, potentially conflicting with the interests of society. This view often portrays them as inefficient and wasteful.

A reform program in the 1980s that aimed to apply market principles and individualist ideas to public administration. It emphasizes efficiency, accountability, and competition in public services.

The idea that individuals are motivated by self-interest and that incentives are a powerful tool to encourage desired behaviors. In a public context, it implies using these mechanisms to improve service delivery.

The application of competitive principles to government agencies. This can involve encouraging competition between different public service providers or between internal units within an agency.

The role of public administrators is to provide services efficiently and effectively. This concept promotes a focus on measurable outcomes and accountability for performance.

Public administrators are viewed as utility-maximizers, prioritizing their own interests. This perspective often implies that they're less concerned with societal welfare than individual gain.

The belief that government should maximize the general welfare of its citizens.

The idea that bureaucrats, as rational actors, primarily act in their own self-interest.

A system where rewards and incentives are used to align the goals of bureaucrats with those of society.

A system where bureaucrats' pay is tied to their performance and results.

The belief that monetary rewards offer individuals the most choice and freedom.

Payment structures designed to ensure bureaucrats show up for work and maximize efficiency.

A system where bureaucrats are paid the minimum amount necessary to achieve a specific performance level.

Direct payment to bureaucrats by the service users they serve.

The egalitarian model places a high emphasis on the importance of the group, viewing it as central to society and characterized by values like solidarity and cooperation.

Individuals in the egalitarian model are expected to contribute to the group's goals and interact based on principles of reciprocity and solidarity, fostering a strong sense of belonging.

While the group exercises social control in the egalitarian model, it avoids hierarchical pressure and instead emphasizes peer-to-peer influence.

In the egalitarian model, there is limited room for individual choice and behavior, as the strong group pressure and emphasis on shared values take precedence.

The egalitarian model is situated on the GRID/GROUP spectrum, scoring high on the GROUP dimension and low on the GRID dimension, indicating strong group cohesion and flexible regulations.

The egalitarian model offers a distinct perspective on the state, which is seen as a facilitator of cooperation and solidarity within the group.

The egalitarian model contrasts with the hierarchist and individualist models, presenting a unique perspective on state organization based on group centrality and shared values.

The egalitarian model highlights the importance of community, solidarity, and shared values in shaping social order.

A style of public administration (PA) that prioritizes rotating roles, limited terms, and elected officials to minimize the development of permanent hierarchies. It's aimed at creating a more egalitarian system with power dispersed among citizens.

A system of direct citizen participation where decisions are made by the people and implemented by the people. This typically involves assemblies and voting on public matters, as opposed to relying on professional administrators.

Ancient Athens is used as an example of how an egalitarian system of public administration can function in practice. The city-state featured a direct democracy where citizens freely participated in decision-making and implementation, keeping hierarchies minimal.

The Paris Commune of 1871 offers an extreme example of community self-management, characterized by direct control by citizens with minimal hierarchical structure. Elected officials served for limited periods, and community members were directly involved in implementing public policies.

A concept where citizens, communities, and civil society organizations actively participate in delivering public services and implementing policies alongside professional administrators. This approach emphasizes shared responsibility and collaboration.

Co-production is a practice rooted in egalitarian values, bringing citizens into the fold to enhance public services. It often involves voluntary contributions and relies on a shared commitment to public good, rather than purely contractual arrangements.

Co-production is gaining popularity in PA research and practice, particularly in English-speaking countries, and is increasingly adopted across the globe, emphasizing a more inclusive and participatory approach to public administration.

Co-production is a form of participatory governance where citizens are actively involved in the design, implementation, and monitoring of public services. This is contrasted with traditional models where public administration is solely the domain of professional administrators.