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Questions and Answers
What is the sound associated with the closing of the AV valves?
What is the sound associated with the closing of the AV valves?
The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for initiating the heartbeat.
The sinoatrial (SA) node is responsible for initiating the heartbeat.
True
What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?
What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?
Electrical impulses from the heart
A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute is known as ______.
A heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute is known as ______.
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Match the following heart sounds and their causes:
Match the following heart sounds and their causes:
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Which side of the heart sends blood to the pulmonary system?
Which side of the heart sends blood to the pulmonary system?
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The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues.
The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body tissues.
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What prevents backflow of blood into the atria during the contraction of the ventricles?
What prevents backflow of blood into the atria during the contraction of the ventricles?
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Blood enters the right atrium from the ______.
Blood enters the right atrium from the ______.
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Match the following heart components with their functions:
Match the following heart components with their functions:
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What is the average resting heart rate for adults?
What is the average resting heart rate for adults?
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During diastole, the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out.
During diastole, the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out.
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What is the average blood pressure reading considered normal?
What is the average blood pressure reading considered normal?
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Study Notes
The Heart and Cardiac Cycle
- Blood flows through the body in two pathways: pulmonary and systemic.
- Pulmonary circulation: blood travels to and from the lungs.
- Systemic circulation: blood circulates to the rest of the body's tissues.
The Heart
- Right side of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary system.
- Left side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic system.
- The septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.
- Atria receive blood.
- Ventricles pump blood.
- Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the atria.
- Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the ventricles.
Outer Heart Anatomy
- Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
- Coronary veins drain blood from the heart muscle.
- The pericardium is the sac surrounding the heart.
Heart – Superior View
- Tricuspid valve (AV valve) is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- Mitral/Bicuspid valve (AV valve) is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
- Pulmonary valve
- Aortic valve.
Papillary Muscles
- Papillary muscles are connected to the atrioventricular (AV) valves via chordae tendineae.
- They prevent the valves from inverting during ventricular contraction (systole).
Chordae Tendineae
- Tendon-like cords that connect papillary muscles to the AV valves.
- They prevent the valves from inverting during ventricular contraction (systole)..
Flow of Blood through the Heart
- Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium from the body
- Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle
- Blood is pumped to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.
- Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium
- Blood flows from left atrium to left ventricle
- Blood is pumped into the aorta to the body's rest of tissues.
Fun Facts
- Average heart rate: 60-100 beats per minute.
- Resting heart pumps 5 liters of blood per minute.
- With exercise, the heart can pump up to 25 liters per minute.
- One cycle of contraction and relaxation takes approximately 0.8 seconds.
The Cardiac Cycle and Blood Pressure
- Diastole: the heart relaxes, the atria fill with blood, and the AV valves open.
- Systole: the atria and ventricles contract, and blood is pumped out of the heart.
- Systolic/Diastolic blood pressure measures the pressure in arteries during these events.
- Average blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg.
Heart Sounds
- Lubb-DUBB (or Guh-Gung) is the sound heard during a heartbeat.
- Lubb is the sound of AV valves closing after atrial contraction.
- DUBB is the sound of semilunar valves closing after ventricular contraction.
- Heart murmur: blood leaking due to faulty valves.
Heart Sounds and Defects
- A normal heart: Oxygenated blood flows into the left heart, while deoxygenated blood flows into the right heart
- Heart with valve defects: Leaking or narrowed valves can cause blood to leak back into the previous chambers.
- Heart with ventricular septal defect: Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
The Heart's Tempo
- Heart’s tempo refers to the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.
Regulation of Heart Rhythm
- The heart muscle is myogenic.
- The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the heart.
- The SA node initiates the heartbeat.
- The signal travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node and the Purkinje fibers, which spreads throughout the ventricles causing contraction.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- ECG measures the electrical impulses from the heart.
- ECG waves are identified as P, QRS, and T waves.
- P wave represents atrial contraction.
- QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction
- T wave represents ventricular recovery.
Abnormal ECGs
- Tachycardia: Heart rate faster than normal (>100 beats/min).
- Bradycardia: Heart rate slower than normal (<60 beats/min).
- Arrhythmia: Irregular heart rhythm.
Factors Affecting Heart Rate
- Autonomic Nervous System, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
- Other Factors, including emotional state, physical activity, certain chemicals, and age.
Cardiac System Disorders
- Aneurysm
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
- Angina
- Atherosclerosis (vs Arteriosclerosis)
- Coronary Bypass Surgery
- Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
Artery Problems
- Aneurysm: A bulge in an artery that can rupture.
- Atherosclerosis: Build-up of plaque in an artery.
Coronary Artery Disease
- Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.
- Arteriosclerosis is hardening of arteries.
- Atherosclerosis is hardening of arteries specific to plaque buildup.
- Plaque: Buildup of cholesterol, fat, and minerals in the arteries
- HDL (good cholesterol) removes cholesterol.
- LDL (bad cholesterol) contributes to buildup.
Symptoms and Treatment
- Angina: Pain/tightness in the chest, radiating to the left arm, shoulder, and neck – due to reduced blood supply.
- Nitroglycerine: Vasodilates to increase blood flow.
Treating Arteriosclerosis: Angioplasty
- Catheter with a balloon is inserted into an artery to expand narrowed vessels.
- Stent is often used to keep the artery open
Treating Arteriosclerosis: Coronary Bypass
- Healthy artery or vein is used to bypass blocked arteries.
Heart Attack
- Myocardial Infarction (MI): Death of cardiac muscle due to blockage of coronary blood vessels.
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and functions of the heart, focusing on the cardiac cycle and blood circulation pathways. It includes details about heart chambers, valves, and the outer anatomy. Test your knowledge on how blood flows through the pulmonary and systemic systems.
