Biological Species Concept, neoteny, homoplasy, analagous and homologous traits, macroevolution vs microevolution, gene flow vs genetic drift
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Questions and Answers

What does the Biological Species Concept (BSC) define species as?

  • Groups of organisms with no essential features
  • Groups of organisms with fixed and unchangeable essences
  • Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, reproductively isolated from other such groups (correct)
  • Groups of organisms with arbitrary differences from other groups

    • What does the Biological Species Concept (BSC) use as an objective criterion for defining species?

  • Geographical isolation
  • Physical appearance
  • Reproductive isolation or interbreeding (correct)
  • Behavioral differences

    • Who formalized the taxonomic rank of species and devised the binomial nomenclature system?

  • Carolus Linnaeus (correct)
  • Charles Darwin
  • John Ray
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky

    • Who offered an explanation of how species evolve over time in the book 'On the Origin of Species'?

    <p>Charles Darwin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the Biological Species Concept (BSC), which defines a species as populations of organisms that can reproduce with one another and are reproductively isolated from other populations?

    <p>Ernst Mayr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carolus Linnaeus introduce to classify species?

    <p>Binomial nomenclature system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr focus on when further developing ideas on species?

    <p>Reproductive isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neoteny?

    <p>The retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features in humans are potentially brought about by neoteny?

    <p>Large head, flat face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is homoplasy in biology and phylogenetics?

    <p>A feature gained or lost independently in separate lineages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homoplasy and homology?

    <p>Homoplasy arises independently, while homology is explained by common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'homoplasy' derive from?

    <p>Ancient Greek words meaning 'similar' and 'to shape'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes phylogenetic analysis more challenging, especially in closely related groups?

    <p>Homoplasy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a homology in biology?

    <p>A structural similarity due to common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a homoplasy in phylogenetics?

    <p>A similarity in appearance not due to common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an analogy in biology?

    <p>A similarity in function not due to common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives rise to homoplasies and analogies in organisms?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a shared trait due to common ancestry?

    <p>Homologous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Linnaeus attempt to classify plants based on in his book, Systema Naturae?

    <p>Morphology of their sexual organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the ability of bird wings and the wings of flies to fly?

    <p>Convergent evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structures that armadillos, anteaters, pangolins, and spiny anteaters share?

    <p>Homoplasies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did biologists use to inform their analysis of morphological data to determine whether a given trait is a homology or an analogy?

    <p>Fossil record and geographic patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Carolus Linnaeus base his classifications of plants on in Systema Naturae?

    <p>Morphology of their sexual organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for traits that are similar in function and appearance but have different evolutionary origins?

    <p>Analogous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phylogenetics, we want to avoid classifying organisims together based on homoplasies or analogies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If homoplasies and analogies are similarities in structure and function between animals that aren't closely related, then how do these similarities arise?

    <p>These species lived in different locations, but their habitats had similar environmental pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key difference between convergent (parallel) evolution and divergent evolution is that convergent deals with UNCOMMON ancestry and divergent deals with COMMON ancestry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Species experiencing convergent evolution do not share a close genetic relationship.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Convergent evolution often leads to different species from separate evolutionary lineages developing similar adaptations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In divergent evolution, two or more related species become more similar over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the difference between homologous and analogous traits in evolutionary biology?

    <p>Analogous traits result when species without common ancestry evolve similar traits, homologous traits are due to common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous traits result from a common evolutionary ancestry, while analogous traits arise independently in different lineages due to similar environmental pressures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous traits and analogous traits both arise independently in different lineages due to similar environmental pressures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Homologous traits and analogous traits can both result from independent evolution in different lineages, with no shared common ancestry.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In phylogenetics, you should avoid classifying organisms based on homoplasies or analogous traits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biological species concept defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, BUT CAN'T produce viable, fertile offspring with members of OTHER populations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    2 Tigers of the same population mating in a zoo and producing fertile, viable offspring is an example of the Biological Species Concept.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The key difference between microevolution and macroevolution is:

    <p>microevolution deals with change in frequencies of genotypes in populations, macroevolution deals with formation of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes microevolution?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow refers to genetic additions or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow is the exchange of genetic material from one population to another.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow usually doesn't result in the reduction of differences between 2 populations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ease of modern travel makes gene flow between human populations easier to happen than in the past.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow introduces new alleles to the population, increasing the rate of microevolution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic Drift refers to predictable fluctuation in allele frequencies from one generation to the next due to planned events.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic drift has a significant impact on small populations

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 2 categories of genetic drift?

    <p>Bottleneck effect and founder effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gene flow and genetic migration mean the same thing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A way to remember that genetic drift deals with random, unpredictable changes in allele frequencies between generations is to think of someone who's just "drifting" through life & doesn't plan anything- everything in their life is unpredictable/ by chance/ random.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is microevolution sometimes referred to as "population genetics"?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Evolution of the Species Concept

    • The distinction between species and varieties has been vague and arbitrary throughout history.
    • The idea of species as stable entities goes back to early farming, with the term species being used to refer to a sort or kind of organism.
    • John Ray introduced the biological concept that species were distinguished by always producing the same species, but considerable variation was possible within a species.
    • Carolus Linnaeus formalized the taxonomic rank of species and devised the binomial nomenclature system.
    • Charles Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" offered an explanation of how species evolve over time.
    • Darwin's theory suggested that the recognition of distinct species could be subjective.
    • The modern synthesis in the 1920s and 1930s combined Mendel's theory of inheritance and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
    • Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr further developed ideas on species, focusing on reproductive isolation.
    • Ernst Mayr's 1942 book proposed the Biological Species Concept (BSC), which defines a species as populations of organisms that can reproduce with one another and are reproductively isolated from other populations.
    • Many other species concepts have been introduced, with some being designed to be more useful than the BSC for describing species.
    • The philosophical position of realism, advocated by Mayr, posits that species are real, mind-independent entities, and natural kinds.
    • Mayr's argument for realism has been criticized, with the fact that independently observing humans see the same species not necessarily proving the reality of species.

    Neoteny in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Other Species

    • Neoteny, the opposite of "gerontomorphic" or "peramorphic", refers to the retention of youth into adulthood, and was described as the major process in humanization by Louis Bolk in 1926.
    • Neoteny in humans results in features such as a large head, flat face, and short arms, potentially brought about by sexual selection in human evolution.
    • Some evolutionary theorists propose that neoteny was a key feature in human evolution, leading to a greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity.
    • Neoteny is observed in domesticated animals like dogs and mice due to more resources, less competition, and selective breeding for behavioral characteristics, leading to physical traits such as floppy ears and large eyes.
    • Selective breeding for neoteny in dogs has strengthened the human-canine bond, with some breeds exhibiting juvenile physical traits as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes.
    • A 2004 study using wolf and dog skulls concluded that dog skulls generally cannot be described by neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls resembling those of juvenile wolves.
    • Neoteny has been observed in many other species, with partial neoteny seen in the frog Lithobates clamitans, which delays maturation during resource-scarce periods, and full neoteny observed in Ambystoma mexicanum and some populations of Ambystoma tigrinum, remaining in larval form throughout their lives.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the evolution of the species concept with this quiz. Explore the historical development of species definition from early farming to modern biological and philosophical concepts. Learn about the contributions of key figures such as John Ray, Carolus Linnaeus, Charles Darwin, Theodosius Dobzhansky, and Ernst Mayr, and the different species concepts that have emerged over time.

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