The Evolution of Earth: Early Theories

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What is the primary component of the continental crust?

Granite (correct)

Obsidian

Basalt

Pumice

Which layer of the Earth is known for its relatively low resistance to plastic flow?

Outer Core

Mesosphere

Lithosphere

Asthenosphere (correct)

Which part of the core is solid and made predominantly of iron according to NASA?

Inner Core (correct)

Crust

Mantle

Outer Core

What is the main composition of the mantle?

Silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific theory explains the large-scale motion of tectonic plates?

Plate Tectonics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the strong magnetic field associated with the outer core?

Convection Signup and view all the answers

How are intrusive igneous rocks formed?

From magma that cools or hardens within the earth Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?

Texture type Signup and view all the answers

What type of rocks are also known as volcanic rocks?

Extrusive igneous rocks Signup and view all the answers

What Latin word does 'igneous' originate from?

Ignis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of igneous rock forms from rapidly cooling magma near the surface?

Basalt Signup and view all the answers

What forces are associated with the formation of extrusive igneous rocks?

Mountain-building forces Signup and view all the answers

According to uniformitarianism, how is the Earth continuously modified?

By geological processes operating at different rates throughout time Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the theory of catastrophism?

Baron Georges Cuvier Signup and view all the answers

What is the key idea behind uniformitarianism?

Studying present processes to understand Earth's past Signup and view all the answers

How thick is the Earth's crust approximately under the continents?

25 to 30 kilometers Signup and view all the answers

What type of rock does oceanic crust primarily consist of?

Basalt Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as 'The Father of Modern Geology'?

James Hutton Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary building material apart from wood discussed in the text?

Stones and rocks Signup and view all the answers

Why is site selection crucial for civil engineering projects according to the text?

For the stability of foundations and understanding rock properties Signup and view all the answers

What do geologists refer to when they mention 'soil'?

Superficial deposits formed by rock disintegration due to weathering Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the CLORPT equation in 1941 related to soil formation?

Hans Jenny Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered part of the soil environment according to the text?

Plants Signup and view all the answers

What do careful studies of a construction site help to achieve according to the text?

Ensure safety and reduce costs Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly used to test the hardness of rocks?

Scraping the surface with a sharp knife Signup and view all the answers

Why is porosity an important factor to consider in building rocks?

Porous rocks are not suitable for construction, especially for exposed surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What specific range of specific gravity is ideal for good building rocks?

2.4 - 2.8 Signup and view all the answers

Why is toughness an essential characteristic of building rocks?

To resist abrasive forces due to wear and friction Signup and view all the answers

Why is appearance considered a primary factor when selecting building rocks for face work?

To ensure the color and ability to receive polish meet requirements Signup and view all the answers

Why are rock foundations preferred over soil foundations in construction?

Rocks offer better stability and durability Signup and view all the answers