51 Questions
What was the main reason for the establishment of the Jacobin clubs?
To advocate for a republic instead of a constitutional monarchy
What action did the National Constituent Assembly take regarding its own members in relation to the Legislative Assembly?
Forbade its members from sitting in the Legislative Assembly
Where did the Jacobins primarily gather in Paris?
In a former Dominican priory dedicated to St. Jacques
What were the Jacobins influenced by in their political ideology?
Radical Enlightenment thought, particularly Rousseau's emphasis on equality and popular sovereignty
What was the major issue in the war discussed in the text?
Defense of the republican political and social order
What were the extraordinary actions taken by the government to protect the revolution known as?
The Reign of Terror
What committees were established to carry out the executive duties of the government?
Committee of Public Safety and Committee of General Security
What did the Committee of Public Safety seek to save the revolution from?
Mortal enemies at home and abroad
What action further radicalized the Convention and gave the Mountain complete control?
Expulsion of the Girondist members
What did Lazare Carnot initiate on August 23, 1793, to mobilize for victory?
A military requisition on the entire population
What did the Convention establish on September 29, 1793, in accord with sans-culotte demands?
A ceiling on prices
What astounded Europeans the most during the revolution?
The formation of a citizen army
What period is probably the most famous or infamous period of the revolution?
The Reign of Terror
What was the immediate need considered more important than the security of property or life during the war?
Silencing dissent and protecting the revolution
What did the revolutionary government organize to mobilize for war?
A collective executive in the form of powerful committees
What did the revolutionary leaders see their task as during the war?
Saving the revolution from mortal enemies at home and abroad
What was the dominant rhetoric following the events of 1789 to 1791?
Republican rhetoric
Who assumed leadership in the Legislative Assembly and opposed counterrevolutionary forces?
The Girondists
What event led to a period of armed conflict across Western Europe?
Declaration of war on Austria and Prussia
What challenged traditional social roles during the French Revolution?
The possibility of women serving in the National Guard
What event led to the extensive violence and the imprisonment of the royal family in August 1792?
Invasion of the Tuileries palace
What did the Paris Commune do during the September Massacres?
Executed about 1,200 people
What confirmed the victory of democratic forces and led to the declaration of France as a republic?
Battle of Valmy
What group played a pivotal role in the second revolution of the French Revolution?
Sans-culottes
What did the name 'sans-culottes' refer to?
The long trousers they wore instead of aristocratic knee breeches
What exacerbated the lives of the sans-culottes during the French Revolution?
Persistent food shortages and revolutionary inflation
What did the rise of the sans-culottes reflect during the French Revolution in 1792?
Political turmoil and radicalization
What were the sans-culottes intensely hostile to?
The aristocracy and the original leaders of the revolution
What was the chief political vehicle and instrument of action for the sans-culottes?
The Paris Commune and crowd action
Who cooperated with the sans-culottes to overthrow the monarchy and carry the revolution forward?
The Mountain, a group of extreme Jacobins
What did the sans-culottes advocate for in terms of government decisions?
People to make government decisions
Who dominated the Convention and the revolution, leading to the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette?
The Mountain and its sans-culottes allies
What did Edmund Burke forecast regarding the French Revolution?
Further turmoil and gaining admirers for his ideas
Who defended the revolutionary principles and declared an age of revolutions, countering Burke's predictions?
Thomas Paine
What were the goals of the Jacobins not wholly compatible with, according to the text?
Those of the sans-culottes
Who sought immediate relief from food shortages and rising prices through price controls due to economic hardship?
The sans-culottes
What was the chief political vehicle and instrument of action for the sans-culottes?
The Paris Commune and crowd action
Who cooperated with the sans-culottes to overthrow the monarchy and carry the revolution forward?
The Mountain, a group of extreme Jacobins
What did the sans-culottes advocate for in terms of government decisions?
People to make government decisions
Which country refused to offer support to France during the French Revolution?
Great Britain
Which event led to active hostility from the rest of Europe towards France?
The French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands
Which country reneged on its promise to defend the new Polish constitutional order?
Prussia
Which country was involved in the partitions of Poland due to fears of the principles of the French Revolution establishing themselves in Poland?
Russia
Which monarch turned against reform and popular movements in Britain?
William Pitt
Which country was at war with Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland in 1793?
France
Which country issued a new constitution in 1791, strengthening the monarchy but also asserting power should be derived from the will of the people?
Poland
Which nation's radicalism of the French Revolution led to repressive domestic policies in Europe?
France
Which country's invasion of the Austrian Netherlands in 1792 led to active hostility from the rest of Europe?
France
Which two nations were involved in the partitions of Poland?
Russia and Prussia
What was the result of the widening of the war in 1792-1793 within France?
Radical political actions
What led to the final two partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795?
Fears of the principles of the French Revolution establishing themselves in Poland
Study Notes
European Response to the French Revolution
- European monarchies and Burke recognized the danger of revolutionary France's ideas and aggression.
- Washington refused to offer support to France despite their assistance during the revolutionary war, insisting on resisting foreign entanglements.
- The radicalism of the French Revolution alienated sympathetic foreign statesmen, leading to repressive domestic policies in Europe.
- In Britain, Prime Minister William Pitt turned against reform and popular movements, suppressing the London Corresponding Society and attempting to curb freedom of the press.
- The final two partitions of Poland in 1793 and 1795 were a result of fears that the principles of the French Revolution were establishing themselves in Poland.
- The Polish Patriots issued a new constitution in 1791, strengthening the monarchy but also asserting power should be derived from the will of the people.
- Russia and Prussia were involved in the partitions of Poland, with Frederick William II reneging on his promise to defend the new Polish constitutional order.
- The French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands in 1792 led to active hostility from the rest of Europe, with the Convention declaring war on several nations.
- The French government was at war with Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Spain, Sardinia, and Holland in 1793.
- The widening of the war in 1792-1793 brought radical political actions within France as the revolutionary government mobilized for the conflict.
- The French Revolution's impact led to a new kind of war and a sense of conflict throughout France.
- The French revolution's ideas and aggression led to the radicalization of European response, with repressive policies, partitions of Poland, and active hostility from other nations.
Test your knowledge of the European response to the French Revolution with this quiz. Explore how the revolutionary ideas and aggression of France impacted European monarchies, leading to repressive domestic policies, partitions of Poland, and active hostility from other nations.
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