The Enlightenment Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What was the Enlightenment?

The age of industrialization

The renaissance of the arts

A time where reason was thought to solve human problems (correct)

A period of unreason and chaos

What was the impact of the Enlightenment?

The Enlightenment introduced new ways of thinking about government, religion, economics, education, and caused many political revolutions.

Name two philosophes and explain their basic beliefs.

Voltaire was a critic of Christianity and advocated for religious toleration; Cesare Beccaria believed in reforming justice and avoiding brutal punishments.

How did Thomas Hobbes and John Locke differ in their views on government?

Hobbes believed in absolute power held by one man, while Locke believed government power should be limited and spread out to protect individual rights. Signup and view all the answers

What was a salon and how did it help to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment?

A salon was a venue for discussing Enlightenment ideas, gathering writers, artists, aristocrats, and intellectuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a revolution?

A forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three things that a revolution usually includes?

<ol> <li>Mass mobilization of people 2. Creation of new political and societal structures 3. Pursuit of an overall better society.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a political revolution?

A political revolution is a change that arises from an unhealthy government, where citizens advocate for a new system. Signup and view all the answers

What are two causes and two effects of a political revolution?

Causes: 1. Widespread anger toward societal injustices 2. A corrupt government. Effects: 1. New government put in place 2. New set of laws implemented. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution was a period during the 16th-17th centuries when modern scientific thinking emerged. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution?

It created the scientific method and significantly changed the pursuit of knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Name two scientists from the Scientific Revolution and explain their discoveries.

Johannes Kepler: discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits. Isaac Newton: established the law of gravity. Signup and view all the answers

What three factors affected scientific thinking up until the Scientific Revolution?

<ol> <li>Writings of ancient Greece 2. Technological advances from the Middle Ages 3. Religious policies.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Enlightenment Overview

Known as the "Age of Reason," the Enlightenment occurred in the 1700s, emphasizing human reason as a solution to societal issues.
It led to a reevaluation of government, religion, and education, significantly influencing political revolutions in the late 18th century.

Key Philosophes

Voltaire
- Critiqued Christianity, advocating for religious toleration.
- Championed deism, emphasizing natural law and reason.
Cesare Beccaria
- Criticized brutal punishments in justice systems, arguing they did not deter crime.
- Promoted reforms to create a more humane approach to justice.

Government Perspectives

Thomas Hobbes
- Advocated for centralized power in a single ruler to unify citizens.
John Locke
- Argued for limited government power and the protection of life, liberty, and property.

Salons and Enlightenment Ideas

Salons were gatherings in elite homes where thinkers discussed and spread Enlightenment philosophies, promoting social change.

Revolution Defined

A revolution involves a forcible change in government or social order.
Types include political revolutions, the Scientific Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution.

Components of a Revolution

Mass mobilization of people.
Establishment of new political and societal structures.
Aimed at creating a better society.

Political Revolution Explained

Characterized by dissatisfaction with governance, leading citizens to advocate for a new or reformed government.

Causes and Effects of Political Revolutions

Causes
- Anger toward social injustices and corruption.
- Economic turmoil.
Effects
- Establishment of new governmental systems.
- Implementation of new laws and cultural shifts within society.

Scientific Revolution Overview

Occurred in the 16th-17th centuries, marking a shift from religious to scientific thinking.
Introduced modern scientific methods, fundamentally changing worldviews.

Impact of the Scientific Revolution

Established the scientific method, comprising hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion drawing.
Contributed significantly to the Enlightenment's emergence.

Notable Scientists

Johannes Kepler
- Studied celestial bodies, revealing that planets move in elliptical orbits around the Sun.
Isaac Newton
- Formulated the law of universal gravitation, linking terrestrial and celestial object behavior.

Influences on Scientific Thought

Preceding scientific development was shaped by:
- Ancient Greek writings.
- Technological advancements from the Middle Ages.
- Religious policies impacting intellectual exploration.

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Description

Dive into the key concepts and impacts of the Enlightenment era with these flashcards. This quiz sheds light on how the 'Age of Reason' transformed human thought across various domains including government, religion, and education.