Age of Science and Reason

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Questions and Answers

What is Francis Bacon primarily known for in the context of the Enlightenment?

Articulating the theory of separation of powers

Developing a social contract for governance

Advocating for absolute monarchy

Pioneering inductive reasoning in scientific methodology (correct)

Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the notion that individuals are naturally cruel and selfish?

Montesquieu

Hobbes (correct)

Adam Smith

Rousseau

What is the significant legacy of John Locke in Enlightenment thought?

Foundation of liberalism and individual rights (correct)

Development of modern economic theories

Promotion of religious absolutism

Advocacy for strict government control over personal liberty

What does Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers advocate?

Division of government into distinct branches Signup and view all the answers

What economic principles did Adam Smith introduce in 'The Wealth of Nations'?

Capitalism and individual investment for profit Signup and view all the answers

What is Denis Diderot best known for during the Enlightenment?

Creating the Encyclopedia Signup and view all the answers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy primarily focused on which aspect of society?

The social contract and concepts of freedom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a central idea of Hobbes' social contract theory?

Order and safety are exchanged for personal liberty Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population did the second estate represent in France?

2% Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary motivation for the peasants in the third estate during the French Revolution?

Demand for political power Signup and view all the answers

What was one consequence of the Reign of Terror?

Execution of many suspected traitors Signup and view all the answers

Who was primarily responsible for initiating the Reign of Terror?

Robespierre Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety during the French Revolution?

To manage internal security and eliminate threats Signup and view all the answers

Which class was at the top of the social hierarchy in Latin America after independence?

Peninsular Signup and view all the answers

What Enlightenment idea is reflected in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens?

All men are created equal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributed to the financial crisis preceding the French Revolution?

Excessive spending by the monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main outcomes of the Convention during the French Revolution?

Execution of the monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What ideology did the U.S. adopt as a result of the revolutionary context referenced in the Monroe Doctrine?

Isolationism Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the social contract as discussed in Enlightenment thought?

To protect certain rights by relinquishing others Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Mary Wollstonecraft's significance in the Enlightenment?

She is considered a foundational figure for women's rights. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Cesare Beccaria play in the field of criminal justice?

He founded criminology and opposed torture and excessive punishments. Signup and view all the answers

How did Voltaire influence modern society?

By emphasizing the importance of reason and freedom of expression. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'natural rights' refer to in Enlightenment philosophy?

Inalienable rights inherent to all individuals from birth. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributed to the rapid spread of Enlightenment ideas?

Accessibility of books and newspapers. Signup and view all the answers

Which event symbolically marked the beginning of the French Revolution?

The Storming of the Bastille Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the National Assembly's formation during the French Revolution?

It created a new constitution for France. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher wrote 'Common Sense', which argued for American independence?

Thomas Paine Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the idea that the market is guided by an unseen force?

Invisible Hand Signup and view all the answers

What did Louis XIV aim to restore during his reign in France?

Peace, yet he led the country into significant debt. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Robespierre's role in the French Revolution?

He was known for promoting liberty and was central to the Reign of Terror. Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the liberator of several South American countries, including Venezuela and Bolivia?

Simon Bolivar Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Francis Bacon: Championed inductive reasoning in science; observation followed by interpretation. His work significantly shaped modern scientific thought.
Thomas Hobbes: Believed humans are naturally cruel, selfish, and greedy. Advocated for absolute monarchy and a social contract to maintain order.
John Locke: Key Enlightenment thinker; father of liberalism. His ideas influenced views on religion, economics, politics, and more.
Baron de Montesquieu: Famous for the concept of separation of powers; a fundamental principle of limited government and balanced power structures.
Adam Smith: Founder of modern economics; "The Wealth of Nations" outlined principles of capitalism and the "invisible hand."
Denis Diderot: Key figure in the creation of the encyclopedia. This resource played a significant role in the spread of knowledge.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Philosopher who questioned government's role and advocated for human equality through the social contract.
Mary Wollstonecraft: Important early feminist; argued for women's rights in her writing.
Voltaire: Championed reason, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
Cesare Beccaria: Criticized torture and excessive punishment; his ideas influenced modern criminal justice systems.

Enlightenment Concepts

Enlightenment: A period emphasizing reason and questioning traditional beliefs.
Absolutism: System where a ruler holds absolute power.
Divine Right: Belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God.
Natural Rights: Basic rights inherent to all individuals.
Social Contract: Agreement between individuals and government to give up some rights for protection.
Will of the Majority: Decision-making based on the choice of most of the people.
Capitalism: Economic system where individuals control economic activity and profits.
Invisible Hand: Market forces guiding economic activity.
Laissez-faire: Policy of minimal government intervention in the economy.
Enlightened Despots: Absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideals.

Spread and Suppression of Enlightenment Ideas

Spread: Ideas spread through books, newspapers, conversations, and other forms of communication like the pyramid scheme.
Suppression: Attempts to slow the spread included censorship, book bans, and restrictions on information.

Revolutions in America, France, and Latin America

American Revolution Figures and Events

Thomas Paine: Author of "Common Sense," a pivotal pamphlet advocating for American independence.
Declaration of Independence: Document declaring the American colonies' independence from British rule.

French Revolution Figures and Events

Louis XIV: French King, known for accumulating debt, and implementing unpopular taxes.
Maximilien Robespierre: Key figure in the French Revolution, leader of the Reign of Terror.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Conqueror who rose to power during and after the French Revolution.
Constitution: Document that established France as a constitutional monarchy.
Estates-General: Meeting of the three estates in French society (clergy, nobility, commoners).
Tennis Court Oath: Pledge by members of the Third Estate to continue meeting until a constitution was written.
Storming of the Bastille: Symbolic act that marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Committee of Public Safety: During the Reign of Terror, used to enforce revolutionary ideals.
Convention: Governing body of France after the monarchy's demise.
Reign of Terror: Period of extreme violence, characterized by executions of perceived enemies of the revolution.
Guillotine: Means of execution widely used during the French Revolution.

Latin American Revolution Figures and Events

Simon Bolivar: Leader in the Latin American revolutions.
José de San Martín: Leader in the Latin American revolutions, liberated Argentina from Spanish rule.
Miguel Hidalgo: Creole priest who led an unsuccessful early uprising in Mexico.
José Morelos: Leader of Mexican revolutionaries.

Impact & Legacy of the Latin American Revolutions

Political: Caudillos (strong leaders) emerged.
International: Monroe Doctrine.
Economic: Continued economic dependence.

Overarching Themes

Causes of the Enlightenment: The questions above should be researched for detailed answers.
Enlightenment in Revolutions: Students should analyze how Enlightenment principles influenced the American, French, and Latin American revolutions.

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Description

Explore the key ideas of major Enlightenment philosophers including Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. This quiz delves into their contributions to science, government, and economics, highlighting the evolution of modern thought. Test your knowledge on the principles that shaped the Age of Reason.

Age of Science and Reason - Enlightenment Thinkers

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