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Questions and Answers
What is the primary belief held by Deists regarding divinity?
What is the primary belief held by Deists regarding divinity?
Which analogy is commonly used to describe the Deist concept of divinity?
Which analogy is commonly used to describe the Deist concept of divinity?
How did Thomas Paine contribute to the Deist movement?
How did Thomas Paine contribute to the Deist movement?
Which characteristic is associated with the Scholasticism of St. Thomas Aquinas?
Which characteristic is associated with the Scholasticism of St. Thomas Aquinas?
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What theme did Renaissance thinkers emphasize most in their works?
What theme did Renaissance thinkers emphasize most in their works?
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What did Thomas Hobbes primarily advocate for?
What did Thomas Hobbes primarily advocate for?
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Which thinker proposed that scientists and engineers could effectively manage production and create efficient workplaces?
Which thinker proposed that scientists and engineers could effectively manage production and create efficient workplaces?
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What is a core belief of conservatism as described in the content?
What is a core belief of conservatism as described in the content?
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Which utopian socialist believed in the enjoyment of work by encouraging various passions?
Which utopian socialist believed in the enjoyment of work by encouraging various passions?
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Which social issue did Enlightenment thinkers primarily respond to during the period of urbanization and industrialization?
Which social issue did Enlightenment thinkers primarily respond to during the period of urbanization and industrialization?
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Which principle did the socialist groups, such as the Fabian Society, primarily advocate for?
Which principle did the socialist groups, such as the Fabian Society, primarily advocate for?
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What was Mary Wollstonecraft's main argument in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
What was Mary Wollstonecraft's main argument in A Vindication of the Rights of Women?
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What significant document was published by Olympe de Gouges in 1791?
What significant document was published by Olympe de Gouges in 1791?
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Which of the following is NOT typically associated with classical liberalism?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with classical liberalism?
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What was the ultimate goal of early feminist writers like Mary Wollstonecraft?
What was the ultimate goal of early feminist writers like Mary Wollstonecraft?
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Study Notes
The Enlightenment
- Intellectual and ideological thinking, after 1750, was shaped by the Enlightenment.
- Empires expanding and trade routes led to increased interactions, emphasizing reason over tradition and individualism over community values.
- Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and human accomplishments in understanding the natural world.
- Natural laws governed social and political spheres. Religion became less pervasive.
- New ideas emerged to improve society, including socialism and liberalism, contrasted with conservatism, popular with ruling class.
- Revolutions aimed for independence from imperial powers and constitutional representation.
- Nationalism, a strong loyalty to one's language and culture, was key to the desire for independent nation-states.
Roots of New Ideas
- Francis Bacon emphasized empirical methods for scientific inquiry.
- Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes from experience.
- Thomas Hobbes and John Locke viewed political life as a social contract.
- Hobbes saw a bleak natural state, while Locke believed in natural rights to life, liberty, and property, emphasizing individual experience.
- Locke's mind at birth was a "blank slate" (tabula rasa), suggesting shaped minds influenced by environment.
The Philosophes
- The Philosophes explored social, political, and economic theories.
- Writers included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Adam Smith, and several French thinkers.
- Baron Montesquieu's work highlighted the British system of checks on power, influencing the American system.
- Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) championed social satire and civil liberties, advocating for freedom of speech and expression.
Key Thinkers and Ideas
- Adam Smith, in his book The Wealth of Nations, argued for laissez-faire economics, reducing government intervention and prioritizing individual choice.
- Deism was a belief that a divine being set natural laws in motion, unlike traditional religious beliefs.
- Deists viewed the divine being as a watchmaker, who created and set the rules in motion, but then let the world run on its own.
- Deists emphasized the importance of understanding the universe through natural laws.
The Age of New Ideas Continues
- Enlightenment thinkers reacted to urbanization and industrialization, aiming to solve problems of poverty and lack of sanitation.
- Some sought more government regulations, or greater charity, while others blamed poor people themselves.
- Utopian Socialism developed as alternative visions based on social and economic changes, favoring worker ownership of means of production, such as mills or machinery.
- Emphasis on communities for positive social and economic directions was common.
Other Reforms
- Reform movements sought to end slavery.
- Abolitionism aimed at ending the Atlantic slave trade and freeing enslaved people.
- The Seneca Falls Convention advocated for women's rights, emphasizing equality and voting rights.
- Serfdom in Europe gradually declined.
- Zionism emerged as a desire for an independent Jewish homeland in the Middle East.
European Intellectual Life, 1250-1789
- Key figures during Scholasticism, Renaissance Humanism, and the Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment are identified and briefly described.
- Characteristics for each era are noted.
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Description
Explore the key concepts and thinkers of the Enlightenment period, highlighting the emphasis on reason, individualism, and empirical methods. This quiz covers the ideological shifts that shaped modern political and social structures, from socialism to nationalism. Test your knowledge on how these ideas influenced revolutions and the formation of independent nation-states.
