The Effects of OXT Nasal Spray and Anterior Pituitary
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Questions and Answers

Which type of glands release hormones within the body and act on target tissues?

  • Paracrine glands
  • Autocrine glands
  • Exocrine glands
  • Endocrine glands (correct)

    • What is the term for chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species?

  • Autocrine
  • Synaptic
  • Allomone (correct)
  • Pheromone

    • Which of the following is a general principle of hormone function?

  • Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern. (correct)
  • Hormones act instantaneously.
  • Hormones have a linear relationship with behavior.
  • One hormone affects only one behavior.

    • What is the term for signaling molecules that travel via the bloodstream and act on target tissues?

    <p>Hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication involves chemical release and diffusion across a synapse?

    <p>Synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species and released into the environment?

    <p>Pheromone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication involves a hormone being released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues?

    <p>Endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is considered the 'primary' gland in the body and releases important hormones?

    <p>Anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pituitary gland stores and releases only two hormones?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is often referred to as the 'love hormone'?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for the reflexive release of milk from mammary glands in response to suckling?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released during orgasm in both men and women and plays a role in pair bond formation?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of voles are monogamous and form durable and exclusive pair-bonds?

    <p>Prairie voles (PV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone facilitates pair-bond formation in female prairie voles (PVs)?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is responsible for stimulating milk production in females and is involved in parental behavior?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two hormones are released by the anterior pituitary and act directly on tissues without involving a final gland or hormone?

    <p>Prolactin and Growth hormone (GH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for governing sperm production in Sertoli cells in the testes?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone (T) from Leydig cells in the testes?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone stimulates ova-containing follicles and secretion of estrogens in the ovary?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers the rupture of follicles, releasing the ovum in the ovary?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known as the 'hormone of pregnancy' and prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for thickening the uterine wall to support implantation of the ovum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ovulation occur?

    <p>When the follicles rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is pregnancy possible?

    <p>Ovulation phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system interactions are involved in ringdove courtship behavior?

    <p>Neural to neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone triggers the rupture of follicles during ovulation?

    <p>LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the luteal phase?

    <p>The corpus luteum secretes progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the uterine lining shed?

    <p>During menses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systems interact to produce integrated behavior?

    <p>Neural and endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topics will be covered in Exam 1?

    <p>Topics 1-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXT nasal spray increases positive attitudes towards those seen as similar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXT nasal spray decreases acceptance of 'outsiders'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXY increases the likelihood of lying when beneficial to in-group members.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXT levels in women are higher in distressed/insecure relationships.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior pituitary (AnP) has a more complex release mechanism compared to other glands.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypothalamic releasing hormones are synthesized by neuroendocrine neurons in various hypothalamic nuclei.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary reach endocrine glands throughout the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hormone levels in the body are controlled by circadian clocks in the brain.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hormones can interact with other hormones and change their effects.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hormones can affect any cell in the body, regardless of whether it has a receptor protein for that hormone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Negative feedback control mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases only two hormones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Oxytocin is important for reproductive and parenting behavior.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Oxytocin is released during orgasm in both men and women and plays a role in pair bond formation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen levels increase over time

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation is triggered by LH

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy can only occur during ovulation

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The corpus luteum secretes progesterone

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uterine wall thickens to support implantation of the ovum

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menses is when the uterine lining is shed

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ringdove courtship behavior involves four types of system interactions

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neural to neural system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine to neural system interaction is involved in ringdove courtship behavior

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glands are organs that secrete substances for use in the body and discharge into the surroundings?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Exocrine glands secrete fluid outside the body, such as sweat, saliva, milk, and tears?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hormones act instantaneously, rather than gradually?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: One hormone can have an effect on multiple behaviors, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Hormones often have a continuous secretion pattern, rather than a pulsatile one?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Pheromones are hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species and are released into the environment?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The relationship between behavior and hormones is unidirectional, with hormones solely influencing behavior?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four types of system interactions involved in ringdove courtship behavior?

    <p>Neural to neural, Neural to endocrine, Endocrine to endocrine, Endocrine to neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topics will be covered in Exam 1?

    <p>Topics 1-6 (2 covered, but de-emphasized)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is Exam 1?

    <p>Thursday, 9/28</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the due date for PRA2?

    <p>Thursday lab, 9/21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systems interact to produce integrated behavior?

    <p>Hormonal and neural systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When will the exam grades be posted?

    <p>This evening at 5 pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the final make-ups?

    <p>Today</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the next quiz?

    <p>Tuesday</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species?

    <p>Pheromones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of OXT nasal spray in humans?

    <p>OXT nasal spray increases positive attitudes towards those seen as similar, but decreases acceptance of 'outsiders'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three structures involved in the multi-stage hormone release process of the anterior pituitary?

    <p>The three structures involved in the multi-stage hormone release process of the anterior pituitary are the hypothalamus, pituitary, and target gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hormone release via the anterior pituitary differ from other glands?

    <p>Hormone release via the anterior pituitary is much more complex compared to other glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the six hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>The six hormones released by the anterior pituitary are thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)), prolactin, and growth hormone (GH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis?

    <p>The function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is to regulate reproductive processes in both males and females.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two gonadotropins released by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>The two gonadotropins released by the anterior pituitary are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of gonadotropins in the gonads?

    <p>The main functions of gonadotropins in the gonads are gamete (sex/reproductive cell) production and sex hormone production and release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pituitary gland?

    <p>The pituitary gland releases important hormones and regulates other glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

    <p>The two hormones released by the posterior pituitary are oxytocin (OXT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin (OXT) in reproductive and parenting behavior?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT) is important for reproductive and parenting behavior. It is sometimes referred to as the 'love hormone'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oxytocin (OXT) contribute to attachment bond formation?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT) is released upon skin-to-skin touch between a baby and its mother. It also facilitates attachment bond formation in baby mammals. Oxytocin antagonists prevent recognition of the mother's smell and inhibit maternal behavior in rats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxytocin (OXT) in bond formation?

    <p>Oxytocin (OXT) is involved in bond formation. It is released during orgasm in both men and women and contributes to the formation of pair bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in oxytocin receptor expression between female prairie voles (PVs) and female meadow voles (MVs)?

    <p>Female prairie voles (PVs) have high oxytocin receptor expression, while female meadow voles (MVs) have low oxytocin receptor expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does arginine vasopressin (AVP) contribute to pair-bond functions in males?

    <p>Male prairie voles (PVs) have more arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors than male meadow voles (MVs). Forcing expression of AVP receptors in male MVs leads to the formation of strong pair bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are endocrine glands and how do they differ from exocrine glands?

    <p>Endocrine glands are organs that release hormones within the body to act on target tissues. They differ from exocrine glands in that exocrine glands secrete fluid outside the body, while endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different forms of chemical communication?

    <p>The different forms of chemical communication include synaptic (neurocrine), endocrine, autocrine, paracrine, pheromone, and allomone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the general principles of hormone function?

    <p>The general principles of hormone function are: 1) Hormones act gradually, not instantaneously. 2) Hormones act by changing the probability or intensity of a behavior. 3) The relationship between behavior and hormones is reciprocal. 4) One hormone may have effects on multiple behaviors, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones. 5) Hormones often have a pulsatile secretion pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is volume transmission and how does it differ from synaptic transmission?

    <p>Volume transmission is the extrasynaptic neurotransmitter binding/activity caused by 'spillover'. It differs from synaptic transmission in that synaptic transmission involves chemical release and diffusion across a synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pheromones and allomones?

    <p>Pheromones are hormones used to communicate between individuals of the same species and are released into the environment. Allomones are chemicals released by one species to affect the behavior of another species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis?

    <p>The HPG axis stimulates the release of hormones that regulate reproductive functions, such as the stimulation of ova-containing follicles and secretion of estrogens in the ovary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hormones act on target tissues?

    <p>Hormones act on target tissues by traveling via the bloodstream and binding to specific receptors on the cells of the target tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine glands release ______ within the body

    <p>hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exocrine glands secrete fluid ______ the body

    <p>outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones act by changing the probability or ______ of a behavior

    <p>intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One hormone may have effect ______ behaviors, and one behavior can be affected by several hormones

    <p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones often have a ______ secretion pattern

    <p>pulsatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on ______ tissues

    <p>target</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pheromones are hormones used to communicate between individuals of the ______ species

    <p>same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXT nasal spray increases positive attitudes towards those seen as similar, but decreases ______ of 'outsiders'.

    <p>acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    OXT levels in women in ______ relationships are higher.

    <p>distressed/insecure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior pituitary (AnP) has a more complex, but versatile ______.

    <p>release mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormone release via the AnP is much more ______.

    <p>complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis involves the release of thyroid releasing hormone (______) from the hypothalamus.

    <p>TRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FSH stimulates ova-containing follicles and secretion of estrogens in the ______.

    <p>ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis involves the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (______) from the hypothalamus.

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estrogen levels increase over time ________

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation – follicles rupture (triggered by LH), releasing ________

    <p>ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only time you can pregnancy can occur* ________

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Luteal phase – corpus luteum secretes progesterone, uterine wall thickens to support implantation of the ________, pregnancy

    Signup and view all the answers

    Menses/menstruation – uterine lining is ________

    <p>shed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormonal and neural systems interact to produce integrated behavior Ringdove courtship behavior shows four types of system interactions Neural to ________

    Signup and view all the answers

    Neural to ________

    Signup and view all the answers

    ________ to endocrine

    Signup and view all the answers

    Endocrine to ________

    Signup and view all the answers

    Negative feedback mechanisms regulate the secretion of hormones. The system's output feeds back and directly inhibits further ______.

    <p>secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pituitary gland is the body's 'primary' gland that releases important hormones and regulates other ______.

    <p>glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The posterior pituitary (PP) stores and releases only two hormones: Oxytocin (OXT) and ______.

    <p>Arginine vasopressin (AVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin (OXT) is important for reproductive and parenting behavior and is often referred to as the 'love ______'.

    <p>hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin (OXT) is released during orgasm in both men and women, which contributes to the formation of ______ bonds.

    <p>pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pair-bonds are durable and exclusive relationships between two individuals, and oxytocin (OXT) facilitates pair-bond formation in female ______.

    <p>prairie voles (PVs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone vasopressin (AVP) plays a role in pair-bond functions in ______.

    <p>males</p> Signup and view all the answers

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