Schizophrenia

ICD-10

To organize symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together

DSM-5

To assign a label of a disorder to a patient

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

International Classification of Diseases

Only positive symptoms

The double bind theory

High expressed emotion (EE)

To improve communication within the family

Shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors

To alter irrational thinking

Impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory, and attention

To manage schizophrenia

Hallucinations

Avolition

The level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures

The extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs, and symptoms

Identical twins are formed from one fertilized egg, while fraternal twins are formed from two

MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia, while DZ twins have a 17% risk rate

Schizophrenia is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine

To teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies

Education and rapport training, and symptom targeting

Both a vulnerability to SZ and a stress trigger

A person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress

Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of SZ

Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had a higher chance of developing the illness

Adopted children from families with schizophrenia are less likely to develop the illness in a good family environment

To develop alternative explanations for psychotic symptoms

At least 73% of individuals reported that coping strategies were successful in managing their symptoms

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Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers.

The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America.

Family therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion and increase the likelihood of relapse.

Cognitive deficits are a characteristic feature of schizophrenia.

Token economies aim to treat schizophrenia by shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors.

A negative emotional climate in the family is associated with schizophrenia.

Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient.

48%

17%

PPP3CC

Chromosome 5

18 times more at risk

Schizophrenia is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine

Schizophrenia is caused by an overproduction of messages due to an increase in the number of dopamine receptors.

The double bind theory suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia.

Typical antipsychotics are older, first-generation drugs that primarily target positive symptoms of schizophrenia, while atypical antipsychotics are newer, second-generation drugs that target both positive and negative symptoms.

The aim of family therapy is to improve communication and reduce stress within the family, ultimately reducing levels of expressed emotion and the likelihood of relapse.

Token economies aim to manage schizophrenia by shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors, while no longer reinforcing undesirable behaviors.

The main goal of CBT is to help patients recognize and alter dysfunctional or delusional thinking, enabling them to better cope with their symptoms.

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia refer to impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory, and attention.

The dopamine hypothesis proposes that an excessive amount of dopamine in the brain is the main cause of schizophrenia.

The aim of CSE is to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress.

The two components of CSE are education and rapport training, and symptom targeting.

The Diathesis-stress Model states that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition.

Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life.

True

The study found that adopted children from families with schizophrenia had a higher chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. However, those children from families with schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a "good" family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc.

The main characteristic of negative symptoms of schizophrenia is a diminution or loss of normal functions.

True

False

Diagnosis = The process of assigning a label of a disorder to a patient Classification = The process of organizing symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, a method of classifying mental disorders ICD = International Classification of Diseases, used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders

ICD-10 = Only negative symptoms need to be present, used worldwide DSM-5 = Only positive symptoms need to be present, used in America

Sherrington et al. (1988) = Linked a gene to schizophrenia on a specific chromosome Tienari Et. A. (2004) = Found that the risk of schizophrenia is higher in adopted children with a biological parent with the condition Kendler (1985) = Studied the risk of developing schizophrenia in first-degree relatives Tarrier (1987) = Explored coping strategies in individuals with schizophrenia

Dopamine Hypothesis = Suggests that an excess of dopamine in the brain is the main cause of schizophrenia Double Bind Theory = Proposes that contradictory messages from a person's primary caregiver during childhood can cause schizophrenia Diathesis-stress Model = States that a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress trigger are both necessary to develop the condition

Token Economy = Focuses on reinforcing desired behaviors and reducing undesired behaviors in individuals with schizophrenia Family Therapy = Aims to improve family communication and reduce family stress, which may contribute to the development of schizophrenia Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) = Targets cognitive deficits and aims to reduce the frequency, intensity, and duration of psychotic symptoms

Positive Symptoms = Characterized by a distortion or excess of normal functions Negative Symptoms = Characterized by a diminution or loss of normal functions Cognitive Deficits = Impairments in cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving

Laing and others = Rejected the medical/biological explanation of schizophrenia Gottesman (1991) = Studied the risk of schizophrenia in monozygotic twins

Dopamine Hypothesis = Schizophrenia is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine in the brain, which leads to overactivity of neurons Double Bind Theory = Schizophrenia is caused by contradictory messages received from parents Genetics = Schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk Interactionist Approach = Both biological and psychological factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia

COMT, DRD4, AKT1 = Associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes and positive symptoms PPP3CC = A defective version of this gene is more likely to be found in individuals with schizophrenia, as it is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system Gene on chromosome 5 = Linked to schizophrenia in a small number of extended families No gene mentioned in the text = Not associated with schizophrenia

Hallucinations = Positive symptom Avolition = Negative symptom Delusions = Positive symptom Psychomotor disturbances = Negative symptom

Gottesman (1991) = Found that MZ twins have a 48% risk of getting schizophrenia whereas DZ twins have a 17% risk rate Miyakawa et al. (2003) = Studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of the PPP3CC gene Sherrington et al. (1988) = Found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked to schizophrenia in a small number of extended families Benzel et al. (2007) = Associated COMT, DRD4, AKT1 genes with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes and positive symptoms

Reliability = The level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures Validity = The extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms Positive Symptoms = An excess or distortion of normal functions in schizophrenia, for example hallucinations and delusions Negative Symptoms = A diminution or loss of normal functions in schizophrenia, such as psychomotor disturbances and avolition

Amygdala = Increased amount of dopamine in individuals with schizophrenia Caudate Nucleus and Putamen = Increased amount of dopamine in individuals with schizophrenia Prefrontal Cortex = No specific mention in the text Hippocampus = No specific mention in the text

Amphetamine increases dopamine = Supports the hypothesis that an excess of dopamine in the brain is the main cause of schizophrenia More dopamine receptors = Supports the hypothesis that more receptors lead to more firing and an overproduction of messages Large number of dopamine receptors in autopsies = Supports the hypothesis that more receptors lead to more firing and an overproduction of messages No specific finding mentioned in the text = Does not provide evidence in support or against the dopamine hypothesis

Laing's Theory = Schizophrenia is a result of the interactions between people, especially in families Double Bind Theory = Children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia Expressed Emotion (EE) = A family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement, associated with schizophrenia Token Economy = A form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning

Family Therapy = A form of therapy carried out with members of the family with the aim of improving their communication and reducing the stress of living as a family Token Economy = Aims to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it, by maintaining desirable behavior and no longer reinforcing undesirable behavior Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts Critical Collaborative Analysis = Aims to identify and alter irrational thinking including regarding: In theory, when the misunderstandings have been swept away, emotional attitudes will also improve

Expressed Emotion (EE) = A family variable associated with schizophrenia, involving a negative emotional climate or a high degree of criticism, hostility, and emotional over-involvement Cognitive Deficits = Impairments in thought processes such as perception, memory, and attention Cognitive Biases = Present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than others Typical Antipsychotics = Biological treatment for schizophrenia used to reduce the intensity of symptoms

Desirable behavior = Includes self-care, taking medication, work skills, and treatment participation Selective reinforcement = Encouraging desirable behaviors by rewarding them and not rewarding undesirable behaviors Secondary reinforcers = Tokens (in the form of coloured discs) given immediately when desired behavior is displayed Undesirable behavior = Not reinforced in a token economy

Laing's Theory = Schizophrenia is not a disease, but a result of social pressures from life Double Bind Theory = Schizophrenia is not a disease, but a result of the interactions between people, specifically contradictory messages in families Interactionist Approach = Both biological and psychological factors contribute to the development of schizophrenia Dopamine Hypothesis = Schizophrenia is caused by an excessive amount of dopamine in the brain

Laing's Theory = Schizophrenia is a result of the interactions between people, especially in families Double Bind Theory = Children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia Expressed Emotion (EE) = A family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement, associated with schizophrenia Interactionist Approach = Family dysfunction is a psychological explanation for the development of schizophrenia

Family Therapy = Aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduce the likelihood of relapse Token Economy = Aims to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it, by maintaining desirable behavior and no longer reinforcing undesirable behavior Cognitive Behavioral Therapy = Aims to make patients better able to cope with the symptoms of schizophrenia Critical Collaborative Analysis = Aims to identify and alter irrational thinking, with the belief that emotional attitudes will also improve

Education and rapport training = Therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the client’s own coping strategies and develop new ones Symptom targeting = A specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised Strategies practice = Performed within a session and the client is helped through any problems in applying it Homework tasks = Given to the client to practice coping strategies and keep a record of how it worked

Diathesis-stress Model = States that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition Concordance rates = Are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of schizophrenia MZ twins = May have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors Tienari Et. A. (2004) = Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families

Dopamine hypothesis = Proposes that an excess of dopamine in the brain is the main cause of schizophrenia Negative symptoms = Characterized by a diminution or loss of normal functions ICD-10 = Used worldwide for diagnosing schizophrenia Cognitive deficits = Characteristic feature of schizophrenia

Double bind theory = Suggests that children who receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia Zubin and Spring = Suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life Gottesman (1991) = Found that the risk of getting schizophrenia for dizygotic (fraternal) twins is lower than for monozygotic (identical) twins Environmental factors = Play a role in the development of schizophrenia, as concordance rates are never 100%

Expressed emotion = Aims to reduce levels of this in the family Relapse = Increasing the likelihood of this is one of the goals of family therapy Supportive and positive environment = Children from families with schizophrenia are less likely to develop the illness if they are placed in this type of environment Biological causes = According to the text, the aim of family therapy for schizophrenia is not to treat these

MZ twins = May have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors Tienari Et. A. (2004) = Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families Gottesman (1991) = Found that the risk of getting schizophrenia for dizygotic (fraternal) twins is lower than for monozygotic (identical) twins Environmental factors = Play a role in the development of schizophrenia, as concordance rates are never 100%

Positive symptoms = Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech Negative symptoms = Characterized by a diminution or loss of normal functions Cognitive deficits = Characteristic feature of schizophrenia Dopamine = Excess of this in the brain is believed to be the main cause of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Dopamine hypothesis = Proposes that an excess of dopamine in the brain is the main cause of schizophrenia Diathesis-stress Model = States that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress trigger are necessary to develop the condition Double bind theory = Suggests that children who receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia Interactionist approach = Acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia

Coping Strategy Enhancement (CSE) = Aims to teach individuals to develop and apply effective coping strategies which will reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms and alleviate the accompanying distress Education and rapport training = A component of CSE where therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the client’s own coping strategies and develop new ones Symptom targeting = A component of CSE where a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised Strategies practice = A component of CSE where coping strategies are performed within a session and the client is helped through any problems in applying it