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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of DNA replication?
What is the primary function of DNA replication?
- To create new DNA molecules for energy production
- To regulate gene expression in the cell
- To produce proteins for cellular functions
- To transmit genetic information from parent cells to daughter cells and from generation to generation (correct)
What is the structure of a chromosome?
What is the structure of a chromosome?
- A protein molecule with attached nucleotides
- A double-stranded RNA molecule
- A single-stranded DNA sequence
- A DNA molecule packed together with proteins (correct)
Who proposed the double-helical structure of DNA?
Who proposed the double-helical structure of DNA?
- Rosalind Franklin
- Barbara McClintock
- James Watson and Francis Crick (correct)
- Gregor Mendel
What does DNA carry as genetic information?
What does DNA carry as genetic information?
Who initially considered proteins as stronger candidates for the genetic material?
Who initially considered proteins as stronger candidates for the genetic material?
What did Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment demonstrate?
What did Frederick Griffith's 1928 experiment demonstrate?
Who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material of the phage T2?
Who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material of the phage T2?
What do bacteriophages infect?
What do bacteriophages infect?
What did the experiments with T2 phage and E. coli provide crucial evidence for?
What did the experiments with T2 phage and E. coli provide crucial evidence for?
What does DNA replication begin with on a chromosome?
What does DNA replication begin with on a chromosome?
What is composed almost entirely of DNA and protein?
What is composed almost entirely of DNA and protein?
What provides additional evidence that DNA is the genetic material?
What provides additional evidence that DNA is the genetic material?
What did the process of DNA replication and chromosome condensation lead to the formation of?
What did the process of DNA replication and chromosome condensation lead to the formation of?
What is the genetic material that is routinely manipulated in laboratories today?
What is the genetic material that is routinely manipulated in laboratories today?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment conclude about the genetic material of phage T2?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment conclude about the genetic material of phage T2?
What did radioactive sulfur label in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What did radioactive sulfur label in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What did radioactive phosphorus label in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What did radioactive phosphorus label in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What did Erwin Chargaff's analysis of base composition of DNA show?
What did Erwin Chargaff's analysis of base composition of DNA show?
What did Erwin Chargaff observe about the base composition of DNA from different species?
What did Erwin Chargaff observe about the base composition of DNA from different species?
What was the main contribution of Chargaff's work to the understanding of DNA as the genetic material?
What was the main contribution of Chargaff's work to the understanding of DNA as the genetic material?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment and Chargaff's observations contribute to?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment and Chargaff's observations contribute to?
What is DNA a polymer of?
What is DNA a polymer of?
What was labeled with radioactive sulfur in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What was labeled with radioactive sulfur in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiment and Chargaff's work?
What was the significance of the Hershey-Chase experiment and Chargaff's work?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment involve labeling T2 phages with?
What did the Hershey-Chase experiment involve labeling T2 phages with?
Where was the radioactivity found when DNA was labeled in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
Where was the radioactivity found when DNA was labeled in the Hershey-Chase experiment?
What type of bonds hold the nucleotides in a DNA strand together?
What type of bonds hold the nucleotides in a DNA strand together?
What is the structure of the sugar-phosphate backbones in the DNA molecule?
What is the structure of the sugar-phosphate backbones in the DNA molecule?
How many layers of base pairs are there in each full turn of the DNA double helix?
How many layers of base pairs are there in each full turn of the DNA double helix?
What is the diameter of the DNA double helix when a purine is paired with a pyrimidine?
What is the diameter of the DNA double helix when a purine is paired with a pyrimidine?
What is the difference in structure between the two ends of a DNA strand?
What is the difference in structure between the two ends of a DNA strand?
What is the shape of the DNA double helix?
What is the shape of the DNA double helix?
What is the pattern of base equivalences known as?
What is the pattern of base equivalences known as?
What holds the two DNA strands together in the double helix?
What holds the two DNA strands together in the double helix?
What is the role of nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?
What is the role of nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?
What is the result of pairing a purine with a pyrimidine in the DNA double helix?
What is the result of pairing a purine with a pyrimidine in the DNA double helix?
What dictates the specific combinations of nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?
What dictates the specific combinations of nitrogenous bases in the DNA double helix?
What confirms that the amounts of adenine and thymine are equal in DNA?
What confirms that the amounts of adenine and thymine are equal in DNA?
Who were the first scientists to come up with the complete answer about the DNA structure?
Who were the first scientists to come up with the complete answer about the DNA structure?
What did Chargaff's rules state about the DNA base composition?
What did Chargaff's rules state about the DNA base composition?
What did Chargaff's data from experiments provide?
What did Chargaff's data from experiments provide?
Who confirmed the helical shape of DNA through images produced by X-ray crystallography?
Who confirmed the helical shape of DNA through images produced by X-ray crystallography?
What did Chargaff's rules remain unexplained until?
What did Chargaff's rules remain unexplained until?
Who noticed a pattern in the base composition of nucleotides from different species?
Who noticed a pattern in the base composition of nucleotides from different species?
What did DNA structure research begin with?
What did DNA structure research begin with?
What did Chargaff's rules attribute the equal percentages of A and T bases to?
What did Chargaff's rules attribute the equal percentages of A and T bases to?
What did Chargaff and his co-workers do to analyze DNA in their experiments?
What did Chargaff and his co-workers do to analyze DNA in their experiments?
What did the table provide data for, and how were Chargaff's rules utilized?
What did the table provide data for, and how were Chargaff's rules utilized?
Who were among the scientists working on the three-dimensional structure of DNA?
Who were among the scientists working on the three-dimensional structure of DNA?
Study Notes
Discovery of DNA Structure and Chargaff's Rules
- Chargaff's rules: DNA base composition varies between species, and the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal, as are those of G and C bases.
- Chargaff's rules remained unexplained until the discovery of the double helix.
- The structure of DNA could account for its role in inheritance.
- Linus Pauling, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin were among the scientists working on the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
- James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to come up with the complete answer about the DNA structure.
- DNA structure research began with Watson and Crick's collaboration at Cambridge University.
- Erwin Chargaff and his co-workers noticed a pattern in the base composition of nucleotides from different species.
- Chargaff's rules are due to complementary base pairing between A and T and between C and G in the DNA double helix.
- In Chargaff’s experiments, DNA was extracted from species, hydrolyzed to break apart nucleotides, and then chemically analyzed.
- Chargaff's data from experiments provided approximate values for each type of nucleotide.
- Images produced by X-ray crystallography, like the one by Rosalind Franklin, confirmed the helical shape of DNA.
- The table provides base distribution data for species, and Chargaff's rules can be applied to predict unknown values.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the discovery of DNA structure and Chargaff's rules with this quiz. Explore the contributions of scientists like Watson, Crick, Chargaff, and Franklin, and learn about the key findings that led to the understanding of DNA's double helix structure and base composition.
