CV 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a measure of ventricular systolic function?

  • Cardiac index
  • Cardiac output (correct)
  • Stroke volume
  • Cardiac index

What is the normal value range for cardiac index?

  • 1.5 to 3.2 l/min/m2
  • 2.5 to 4.2 l/min/m2 (correct)
  • 3.5 to 5.2 l/min/m2
  • 0.5 to 1.2 l/min/m2

Which of the following factors does NOT determine cardiac output?

  • Heart rate
  • Contractility
  • Preload
  • Afterload (correct)

Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

<p>Enhanced sympathetic activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of preload?

<p>Ventricular load at the end of diastole before contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a determinant of afterload?

<p>Aortic compliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>Aortic systolic pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common site for coronary artery thrombosis?

<p>Left anterior descending artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine to increase the force of contractions in the heart?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which coronary artery supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

<p>Right coronary artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cardiac control center located?

<p>Medulla oblongata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leads on an electrocardiogram (ECG) are associated with the left circumflex artery?

<p>I and aVL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptors are most important in the heart?

<p>B1 adrenergic receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

<p>Great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output?

<p>CO = SV * HR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>CPP = Aortic diastolic pressure - LVEDP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for stroke volume?

<p>SV = CO / HR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

<p>EF = SV - ESV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of the circulatory system?

<p>Producing hormones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of the pump-high pressure vessels-low pressure vessels arrangement?

<p>The heart acts as a pump to generate high pressure in the arteries, which then deliver blood to the tissues at lower pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the pressure drop in the circulatory system?

<p>Narrowing of the blood vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the normal distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

<p>Blood viscosity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the series-parallel arrangement of the circulatory circuits?

<p>Reduction in the workload of the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the etiology of Dysrhythmias?

<p>Ischemic heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about left ventricular diastole?

<p>It is perfused entirely during diastole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>CPP is determined by the difference between systole and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about myocardial oxygen balance?

<p>Myocardial ischemia occurs when arterial blood supply fails to meet the needs of the heart for oxygen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about coronary steal phenomenon?

<p>It causes dilation of the stenotic area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

<p>Parasympathetic innervation stimulates the S-A and A-V nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the cardiac conduction system?

<p>Action potentials are generated by the S-A node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for Myocardial infarction?

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the circulatory system?

<p>Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of the pressure drop in the circulatory system?

<p>Resistance in the blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of the series-parallel arrangement of the circulatory circuits?

<p>Reduces the workload on the heart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of preload?

<p>The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output?

<p>CO = HR x SV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of cardiac output?

<p>Afterload (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about stroke volume?

<p>It is the volume of blood pumped per contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

<p>Enhanced sympathetic activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output?

<p>CO = SV × HR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of preload?

<p>The ventricular load at the end of diastole before contraction has started (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about afterload?

<p>It is the pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leads on an electrocardiogram (ECG) are associated with the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery?

<p>Leads V3-V5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>Aortic diastolic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

<p>Coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>40-90 mm Hg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>CPP = Aortic diastolic pressure - LVEDP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for coronary artery thrombosis?

<p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine to increase the force of contractions in the heart?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal value range for cardiac index?

<p>0.5-1.0 L/min/m2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>CPP = (Mean arterial pressure - Left ventricular end diastolic pressure) / Cardiac output (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

<p>Nerves to the heart originate from sympathetic neurons of the thoracolumbar region. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a determinant of afterload?

<p>Total peripheral resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the normal distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

<p>Total peripheral resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about myocardial oxygen extraction?

<p>Myocardium extracts 65-75% O2 in arterial blood compared to 25% in most other tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>Systolic pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>CPP = Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - LVEDP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the cardiac conduction system?

<p>Depolarization phase in the atrium is fast. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

<p>Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagus nerve. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the electrocardiogram (ECG)?

<p>ECG can trace conduction of electrical signals through the heart. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

<p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which blood pressure reading is considered of concern for men?

<p>Diastolic blood pressure above 110 mm Hg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>More than 25 mm Hg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

<p>PVR = (PAP-PAOP) x 80 CO (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a presentation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Right sided heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perioperative risk for respiratory failure in patients with PAH?

<p>28% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = HR x SV (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to measure cardiac output (CO)?

<p>Ultrasonography (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the relationship between wall stress and internal work in the heart?

<p>Wall stress is directly proportional to internal work. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the effect of tachycardia on cardiac output (CO)?

<p>Tachycardia increases cardiac output (CO). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases myocardial perfusion?

<p>Decreased ventricular tone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is noninvasive and can be used to assess cardiac contractility?

<p>Echocardiography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate ejection fraction (EF)?

<p>EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone promotes water retention and is antagonistic to aldosterone and angiotensin II?

<p>ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls called?

<p>Blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about pulse pressure?

<p>It is the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

<p>Mean arterial pressure (MAP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

<p>70-100 mmHg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone produced by the atria of the heart that promotes vasodilation and excretion of sodium and water?

<p>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential complication of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Hypoxemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended monitoring parameter for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Central Venous Pressure (CVP) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of anesthesia management for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Maintaining sinus rhythm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should be available for postoperative management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) patients?

<p>Nitroglycerin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal disease?

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential consequence of right ventricular (RV) wall stress increase in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Decrease in RV myocardial perfusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of hypoxemia in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Ventilation/perfusion mismatch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the postoperative period?

<p>Sudden death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consideration for obstetric management in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Forceps delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

<p>PVR = (PAP-PAOP) x 80 CO (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a presentation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Right sided heart failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perioperative mortality rate for noncardiac surgery in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>7% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Idiopathic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for normal pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

<p>PVR = 50-150 mmHg/L/min (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Myocardial infarction?

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones promotes water retention and vasoconstriction?

<p>Angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate blood pressure?

<p>Blood Pressure = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary determinant of blood pressure?

<p>Peripheral Resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the formula for pulse pressure?

<p>Pulse Pressure = Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance?

<p>Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the hormone produced by the atria of the heart that promotes vasodilation and excretion of sodium and water?

<p>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct formula to calculate cardiac output?

<p>Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following formulas is used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

<p>CO = HR x SV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for ejection fraction (EF)?

<p>EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT used to measure cardiac output (CO)?

<p>Ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of severe tachycardia?

<p>Increased cardiac output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of decreased cardiac output?

<p>Decreased heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a measure of ventricular systolic function?

<p>Ejection fraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to assess contractility of the heart?

<p>Noninvasive echocardiography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of right-to-left shunting in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Patent foramen ovale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended anesthesia management strategy for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Maintain continuous infusions of pulmonary vasodilators (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors should be avoided during the induction phase of anesthesia in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended preoperative preparation for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Avoid inhalation of nitric oxide or prostacyclin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended monitoring parameter for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Pulse oximetry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended postoperative consideration for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Monitor closely for hypotension and hypoxemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential obstetric consideration for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Decreased uterine blood return to the central circulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of right ventricular (RV) wall stress increase in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

<p>Decreased RV stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a determinant of afterload in the heart?

<p>Pulmonary vascular resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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