CV 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a measure of ventricular systolic function?

  • Cardiac index
  • Cardiac output (correct)
  • Stroke volume
  • Cardiac index

    • What is the normal value range for cardiac index?

  • 1.5 to 3.2 l/min/m2
  • 2.5 to 4.2 l/min/m2 (correct)
  • 3.5 to 5.2 l/min/m2
  • 0.5 to 1.2 l/min/m2

    • Which of the following factors does NOT determine cardiac output?

  • Heart rate
  • Contractility
  • Preload
  • Afterload (correct)

    • Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

    <p>Enhanced sympathetic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of preload?

    <p>Ventricular load at the end of diastole before contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of afterload?

    <p>Aortic compliance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>Aortic systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common site for coronary artery thrombosis?

    <p>Left anterior descending artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine to increase the force of contractions in the heart?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coronary artery supplies the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

    <p>Right coronary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the cardiac control center located?

    <p>Medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leads on an electrocardiogram (ECG) are associated with the left circumflex artery?

    <p>I and aVL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors are most important in the heart?

    <p>B1 adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

    <p>Great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for cardiac output?

    <p>CO = SV * HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP = Aortic diastolic pressure - LVEDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for stroke volume?

    <p>SV = CO / HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for ejection fraction?

    <p>EF = SV - ESV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the main functions of the circulatory system?

    <p>Producing hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of the pump-high pressure vessels-low pressure vessels arrangement?

    <p>The heart acts as a pump to generate high pressure in the arteries, which then deliver blood to the tissues at lower pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the pressure drop in the circulatory system?

    <p>Narrowing of the blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the normal distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

    <p>Blood viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the series-parallel arrangement of the circulatory circuits?

    <p>Reduction in the workload of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the etiology of Dysrhythmias?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about left ventricular diastole?

    <p>It is perfused entirely during diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP is determined by the difference between systole and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about myocardial oxygen balance?

    <p>Myocardial ischemia occurs when arterial blood supply fails to meet the needs of the heart for oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about coronary steal phenomenon?

    <p>It causes dilation of the stenotic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

    <p>Parasympathetic innervation stimulates the S-A and A-V nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Action potentials are generated by the S-A node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for Myocardial infarction?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the circulatory system?

    <p>Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the pressure drop in the circulatory system?

    <p>Resistance in the blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the series-parallel arrangement of the circulatory circuits?

    <p>Reduces the workload on the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of preload?

    <p>The amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for cardiac output?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a determinant of cardiac output?

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about stroke volume?

    <p>It is the volume of blood pumped per contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases heart rate?

    <p>Enhanced sympathetic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for cardiac output?

    <p>CO = SV × HR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of preload?

    <p>The ventricular load at the end of diastole before contraction has started</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about afterload?

    <p>It is the pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leads on an electrocardiogram (ECG) are associated with the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery?

    <p>Leads V3-V5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>Aortic diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which veins drain into the coronary sinus?

    <p>Coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>40-90 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP = Aortic diastolic pressure - LVEDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site for coronary artery thrombosis?

    <p>Left anterior descending (LAD) artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine to increase the force of contractions in the heart?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal value range for cardiac index?

    <p>0.5-1.0 L/min/m2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP = (Mean arterial pressure - Left ventricular end diastolic pressure) / Cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

    <p>Nerves to the heart originate from sympathetic neurons of the thoracolumbar region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of afterload?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the normal distribution of blood in the circulatory system?

    <p>Total peripheral resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about myocardial oxygen extraction?

    <p>Myocardium extracts 65-75% O2 in arterial blood compared to 25% in most other tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>Systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>CPP = Mean arterial pressure (MAP) - LVEDP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cardiac conduction system?

    <p>Depolarization phase in the atrium is fast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the innervation of the heart?

    <p>Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagus nerve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the electrocardiogram (ECG)?

    <p>ECG can trace conduction of electrical signals through the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood pressure reading is considered of concern for men?

    <p>Diastolic blood pressure above 110 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>More than 25 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

    <p>PVR = (PAP-PAOP) x 80 CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a presentation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Right sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perioperative risk for respiratory failure in patients with PAH?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method to measure cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between wall stress and internal work in the heart?

    <p>Wall stress is directly proportional to internal work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the effect of tachycardia on cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>Tachycardia increases cardiac output (CO).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases myocardial perfusion?

    <p>Decreased ventricular tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is noninvasive and can be used to assess cardiac contractility?

    <p>Echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate ejection fraction (EF)?

    <p>EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone promotes water retention and is antagonistic to aldosterone and angiotensin II?

    <p>ADH (antidiuretic hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the force exerted by blood against blood vessel walls called?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about pulse pressure?

    <p>It is the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP)?

    <p>Mean arterial pressure (MAP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = Heart rate (HR) x Stroke volume (SV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

    <p>70-100 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone produced by the atria of the heart that promotes vasodilation and excretion of sodium and water?

    <p>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended monitoring parameter for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Central Venous Pressure (CVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of anesthesia management for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Maintaining sinus rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications should be available for postoperative management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) patients?

    <p>Nitroglycerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal disease?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of right ventricular (RV) wall stress increase in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Decrease in RV myocardial perfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of hypoxemia in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Ventilation/perfusion mismatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) in the postoperative period?

    <p>Sudden death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consideration for obstetric management in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Forceps delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

    <p>PVR = (PAP-PAOP) x 80 CO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a presentation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Right sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perioperative mortality rate for noncardiac surgery in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>7%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for normal pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

    <p>PVR = 50-150 mmHg/L/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Myocardial infarction?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones promotes water retention and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate blood pressure?

    <p>Blood Pressure = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary determinant of blood pressure?

    <p>Peripheral Resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the formula for pulse pressure?

    <p>Pulse Pressure = Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct relationship between blood flow, pressure, and resistance?

    <p>Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the hormone produced by the atria of the heart that promotes vasodilation and excretion of sodium and water?

    <p>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct formula to calculate cardiac output?

    <p>Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following formulas is used to calculate cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>CO = HR x SV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for ejection fraction (EF)?

    <p>EF = (LVEDV - LVESV) / LVEDV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT used to measure cardiac output (CO)?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential consequence of severe tachycardia?

    <p>Increased cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of decreased cardiac output?

    <p>Decreased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a measure of ventricular systolic function?

    <p>Ejection fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used to assess contractility of the heart?

    <p>Noninvasive echocardiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of right-to-left shunting in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Patent foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended anesthesia management strategy for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Maintain continuous infusions of pulmonary vasodilators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors should be avoided during the induction phase of anesthesia in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended preoperative preparation for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Avoid inhalation of nitric oxide or prostacyclin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended monitoring parameter for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended postoperative consideration for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Monitor closely for hypotension and hypoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential obstetric consideration for patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Decreased uterine blood return to the central circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of right ventricular (RV) wall stress increase in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH)?

    <p>Decreased RV stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a determinant of afterload in the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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