26 Questions
What was one of the factors that contributed to the decline of the Church's influence during the Middle Ages?
Growing power of secular leaders
What was a significant outcome of the Hundred Years War?
The invalidation of knights as the leading military force
What was a corruption practice in the Church during the Middle Ages?
Selling church offices to the highest bidders
What was a significant consequence of the dual papacy?
The Church's unity and authority were undermined
What is a common characteristic among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
Ethical monotheism
Who is considered the final prophet in Islam?
Muhammad
What was a significant impact of the Hundred Years War on warfare?
The introduction of new military technologies
What was a symbol of unity and resistance during the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc
What is the primary reason for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
Dispute over the rightful leader after Muhammad's death
What was a key factor in the spread of Islam?
The message of monotheism and social justice
What was a major consequence of the military conquests of the Islamic empire?
The expansion of the Islamic state
What was a key feature of the Islamic empire's administrative system?
Unified political and administrative system under the caliphs
What was a major economic factor in the spread of Islam?
Control of key trade routes connecting East and West
What was a major characteristic of Baghdad during the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire?
A commercial center with a luxurious lifestyle
What was a major intellectual advance of the Islamic Golden Age?
Translation of ancient Greek and Indian texts
What was a major factor in the weakness of the surrounding empires that the Islamic empire took advantage of?
Their internal conflicts and weaknesses
What was the significance of the Kaaba in Arabia before Muhammad's time?
It was an important polytheistic idol worship site
What was the significance of the year 610 in the life of Muhammad?
It was the year he received his first message from angel Gabriel
What is the name of the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina?
Hijra
What is the name of the holy book of Islam, which is believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad?
Quran
What is the purpose of fasting during Ramadan in Islam?
To seek better perception of God and exercise self-control
What is the name of the obligatory charity in Islam, which is 2.5% of one's total net worth?
Zakat
What is the reason for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims?
Dispute over how the Muslim community should be ruled after Muhammad's death
What is the name of the collections of sayings, actions, and approvals of the prophet Muhammad?
Hadith
What is the profession of faith to one god Allah, and Muhammad as the prophet, in Islam?
Shahadah
What is the purpose of the pilgrimage to Mecca, known as Hajj?
To follow the path of Muhammad and spiritually gather with Muslims from all over the world
Study Notes
Weakened Church's Influence
- Growing power of secular leaders
- Corruption and scandals within the Church
- Selling church offices to the highest bidders
- Nepotism and moral corruption
- Widespread criticism of the Church, leading to a loss of respect
- Dual papacy, causing division and undermining the Church's unity and authority
Hundred Years War
- Introduction of new military technologies and tactics, such as the longbow and gunpowder
- Diminished dominance of feudal knights and castles, altering the nature of warfare and power structures
- Emergence of nationalism in England and France
- Sense of national identity and unity
- Shift in loyalty from feudal lords to national groups
Islam
Context
- Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion, believing in the same God as Judaism and Christianity
- Shared beliefs and practices with other Abrahamic faiths
- Emphasis on ethical monotheism and prophets
- Sacred texts: Tanakh, Bible, Quran
Early Islamic History Timeline
- 570 CE: Muhammad was born in Mecca
- 610 CE: Muhammad received the first message from angel Gabriel in the cave of Hira
- 610-622 CE: Muhammad preached monotheism and social justice, facing persecution from Meccan authorities
- 622 CE: Hijra - Muhammad and followers migrated to Medina
- 622-630 CE: Establishment of the Muslim community, with Muhammad as a religious and political leader
- 630 CE: Peaceful conquest of Mecca
- 632 CE: Death of Muhammad in Medina
Beliefs
- 5 Pillars of Islam: Shahadah, Salah, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj
- Shahadah: profession of faith to one God, Allah, and acceptance of Muhammad as the prophet
- Salah: direct relationship with God through prayer, five times a day, towards Mecca
- Zakat: social responsibility and service to God, 2.5% of total net worth towards the needy
- Sawm: fasting during Ramadan for self-control and spiritual growth
- Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca for those physically and financially able
- Sacred texts: Quran and Hadith
- Quran: holy book of Islam, literal word of God revealed to Muhammad via angel Gabriel
- Hadith: collections of sayings, actions, and approvals by the prophet Muhammad
Split of Islam
- Reasons for the split: Sunni and Shia
- Dispute over leadership after Muhammad's death
- Sunni: believed leader should be elected by the Muslim community
- Shia: believed leader should be a blood relative
- Caliph: religious and political leader of the community, successor to Muhammad
Spread of Islam
- Factors that supported the spread:
- Religious appeal: message of monotheism, social justice, and equality
- Military conquest: conducted military campaigns that expanded the Islamic state
- Political stability: unified political and administrative system under the caliphs
- Economic factors: controlled key trade routes, facilitated trade, travel, and cultural exchange
- Weakness of surrounding empires
Golden Age of Islam
- Baghdad: commercial center with luxurious lifestyle
- Intellectual advances: translation of books, allowed for education
- Translated texts from Greece, India, and others
This quiz covers the weakening of the Church's influence, corruption, and scandals during the Middle Ages, including the selling of church offices and nepotism. It also touches on the dual papacy and its effects on the Church's unity and authority.
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