The Crimean War and European Modernization

<p>Prussia and Austria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creation of a constitutional monarchy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure to initiate governmental reforms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Savoia and Nice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It weakened the Ottoman Empire, prompting southward expansion by Russia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Count Camillo di Cavour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modernization from above (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1871 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exclusion of Austria from German unification (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Italy and Austria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protectionist trade policy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assert Germany's dominance over France (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic and regional discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aiming to advance unification efforts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The formation of a large, unified German state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was defeated by Prussia in 1866. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universal male suffrage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It displayed Germany's military power after defeating France. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthening state power through government-led reforms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protectionist trade policy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Austria and Italy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Government-led reforms aimed at state strengthening. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He became Emperor of Germany. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An elected Reichstag responsible for legislation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strong industrial and military power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Economic inequality between northern and southern regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition with industrialized nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect domestic industries from foreign competition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To conquer and unify southern regions under the King of Sardinia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in industrialization between the north and south (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The coronation of Wilhelm I at Versailles in 1871 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was instrumental in uniting the German states under Prussian leadership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prussia excluded Austria from the German unification process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tsar had absolute power and limited public participation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It failed but inspired future liberal movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Emancipation of the Serfs in 1861 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emancipation of the serfs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It underscored the need for modernization and reforms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of financial resources for land acquisition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed they would undermine Russian culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deeper reforms aimed at equality for peasants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crimean War (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Russia faced a diplomatic defeat at the Congress of Berlin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulgaria became an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It stimulated rapid industrialization and economic growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decembrists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Struggles with Western European powers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiation of modernization reforms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emergence of Slavic independence movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reforms for equality among peasants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crimean War (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal resistance and economic challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By implementing moderate reforms but maintaining autocracy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To suppress liberal and nationalist movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their financial resources to acquire land (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Russia's desire for expansion into the Eastern Mediterranean, specifically from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

Protecting Greek Orthodox interests.

Prime Minister Cavour of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Using military alliances (France) and warfare to consolidate power.

The creation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Economic disparity between north and south.

A power struggle between Austria and Prussia for control of Germany.

Germany was divided into many smaller countries.

Russia wanted to expand southward from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, leading to the war.

Britain and France also desired control of the region, creating conflict with Russia.

Governments took the lead in modernizing their countries, aiming to strengthen the state and catch up with more developed nations.

Austria was excluded from a united Germany after Prussia's victory in the war.

Austria created this empire to consolidate its power after being excluded from Germany.

Prussia, with its industrial and military might, took the lead in unifying Germany.

Prussia first conquered northern Germany in 1866, later incorporating southern German states.

The German Empire was formed in 1871 with King Wilhelm I as emperor.

A federal state was established with universal male suffrage and a Reichstag, an elected assembly.

Germany implemented protectionist trade policies, restricting imports to protect its own industries.

Germany formed this alliance with Austria and Italy to isolate France and protect its interests.

The German emperor's coronation was held at the Palace of Versailles in France.

France was defeated by Germany in the war, making the coronation ceremony a symbolic display of Germany's dominance.

Prime Minister Cavour of the Kingdom of Sardinia focused on industrialization, alliances, and warfare to unify Italy.

While achieving unification, Italy remained divided economically, with the north outperforming the south.

Russia's ambition to control the area from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea during the 19th century.

Russia's desire to expand south, leading to conflict with the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France.

Prussia used its industrial and military strength to conquer and unite German states, overcoming resistance.

The Tsar, or emperor, held absolute power with no public participation in government.

Peasants were tied to the land and controlled by local lords, working the land without the ability to improve their lives.

A group of young officers attempted to overthrow the Tsarist regime, seeking an end to autocracy and serfdom.

Rejecting Western reforms, Tsar Nicholas I intensified autocracy and suppressed revolutionary movements in Russia and neighboring countries.

Russia's attempts in the 19th century to modernize its society and economy in response to internal and external pressures.

Alexander II's attempts to modernize Russia, including the emancipation of serfs, but ultimately failing due to persistent autocratic rule and social resistance.

Russia's ambition to expand its territory, particularly in the Balkans and Central Asia, which led to conflicts with European powers.

A conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over control of the Black Sea region, with Britain and France supporting the Ottomans.

The treaty that ended the Crimean War, forcing Russia to neutralize the Black Sea and banning warships from navigating its waters.

A decree that freed serfs in Russia, but ultimately failed due to the lack of land and economic opportunities for peasants.

A movement in Russia advocating for peasant reforms and equality, arising from the failures of the Emancipation of Peasants Decree.

A war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over the independence of Balkan nations, with Russia achieving victory.

A treaty that granted independence to Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and made بلغاريا a protectorate of Russia, but was ultimately revised by European powers.

A treaty that revised the Treaty of San Stefano, reducing Bulgaria's territory and placing Bosnia and Herzegovina under Austrian control.

Russia's shift in its expansionist policy from the Balkans to Central and East Asia, leading to conflicts with Britain and Japan.

Russia's overall modernization efforts in the 19th century were marked by slow progress, uneven implementation, and ultimately, failure.

A failed attempt by young aristocratic officers to overthrow the Tsarist regime, inspired by Western liberal ideals, seeking to end autocracy and serfdom.

A reform by Tsar Alexander II that granted freedom to peasants, but lacked land and financial resources to truly achieve independence.