The Construction-Integration Model Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason situation models are considered domain specific?

They depend on general background knowledge.

They require a comprehensive set of formal rules.

They rely on special domain knowledge. (correct)

They are developed from generic representations.

How do linguistic cues in a text help in forming a situation model?

They provide detailed syntax rules for comprehension.

They create a comprehensive set of rules for all texts.

They eliminate the need for prior knowledge.

They guide the reader in identifying semantic relations. (correct)

What is meant by 'associative knowledge activation' in the CI model?

Integrating all propositions without distinction.

Requiring strict semantic matching for concepts.

Using random sampling to elaborate knowledge. (correct)

Establishing a rigid structure for model constructs.

In the construction of a text representation, how are propositions added to the textbase?

Using templates from long-term memory for guidance. Signup and view all the answers

What affects the sampling probability of nodes in the knowledge elaboration process?

The strength of association to the template. Signup and view all the answers

What role do reading goals and task demands play in the inclusion of knowledge in text representation?

They determine the detail level needed for comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

Which option correctly describes the relationship between semantic relations and situation models?

Semantic relations help define what is relevant situationally. Signup and view all the answers

Why are highly structured situations favored in the analysis of the CI model?

They simplify the association between propositions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the construction-integration model?

Comprehension and memory for text Signup and view all the answers

Which processes are emphasized as more complex in text comprehension according to the construction-integration model?

Comprehension and encoding Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of memory does the construction-integration model aim to extend beyond?

List learning studies Signup and view all the answers

What does the model suggest is crucial for knowledge activation during text comprehension?

The overall discourse context Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon does the construction-integration model attempt to explain using priming methods?

Accessibility of actors in sentences Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested origin of the construction-integration model?

Story comprehension studies Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the construction-integration model characterized as a cognitive architecture?

As a framework for discourse comprehension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes an objective of the construction-integration model?

To explain text comprehension without elaborate assumptions Signup and view all the answers

What is the activation value for ROUND when processing (4)?

31 Signup and view all the answers

What does the CI model predict about the activation values of (6a) and (6b) after reading (3)?

(6a) has greater activation than (6b) Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion is drawn about the matching effect in the CI model?

It results from comprehension in the CI model. Signup and view all the answers

What does the CI model predict about differences in activation values between sentences?

Some sentences will yield larger matching effects than others. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of reader's differences is addressed by the CI model?

Differences in background knowledge and buffer capacity Signup and view all the answers

What does the author mean by 'postdictions' in the context of the CI model?

Explanations given after observed outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the CI model provide regarding the results from Gernsbacher et al. (1989)?

An explicit mechanism for comprehension-related processes Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is acknowledged in the CI model regarding sentence comparison?

Idiosyncratic properties of sentences may affect predictions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the CI model aim to account for regarding comprehension processes?

Priming effects during discourse comprehension Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon is NOT mentioned as a focus of the empirical studies in the content?

Word frequency effects Signup and view all the answers

According to the results reported by Gernsbacher et al., what advantage occurs when a test is delayed for 1.4 seconds after the end of a sentence?

The first-mentioned participant is favored Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'qualitative simulations' refer to in the context of the CI model?

General simulations that do not involve precise statistical analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall goal of simulating the experimental procedures discussed by Gernsbacher et al.?

To validate the CI model against observed data Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory formation is differentiated from adding or modifying the knowledge base?

Episodic text memory formation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the CI model's position on empirical observations?

It should account for observations without additional assumptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of mentioning both first mention and recency advantages?

To explore how both advantages can be reconciled within the CI model Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reaction time for the first-mentioned participant when both participants are presented after a delay?

It becomes shorter than the reaction time for the second-mentioned participant. Signup and view all the answers

How do the activation values of the participants differ on the concurrent test according to the findings?

The first-mentioned participant receives more activation than the second-mentioned participant. Signup and view all the answers

What does the CI model imply about the results observed in Gernsbacher et al. without additional assumptions?

The results arise from structural reasons inherent in the model. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the representation of the sentence in memory after a delay?

Both clauses become a long-term memory trace with modified original links. Signup and view all the answers

What were the mean reaction times in Gernsbacher et al. for the first-mentioned and more recently mentioned participants on the concurrent test?

1,065 msec for the first-mentioned, 1,118 msec for the more recent Signup and view all the answers

What is likely true regarding the processing of the concept 'Tina' in comparison to 'Lisa'?

The concept 'Tina' activates stronger nodes compared to 'Lisa' in delayed tests. Signup and view all the answers

How does modifying the activation values in the long-term memory network affect the participants' activation over time?

First-mentioned participant will have higher activation due to stronger node links. Signup and view all the answers

What adjustment can be made to the memory buffer in the CI model without changing the result pattern?

Increasing the buffer size can still produce the same prediction patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Construction-Integration (CI) Model

The CI model is a general theory of comprehension that has evolved from studying story comprehension and memory for text.
The model focuses on how information in a text is combined with and integrated into the reader's knowledge and personal experiences.
The model uses a long-term memory network of propositions to represent knowledge.
Propositions from this network are added to the text representation in two ways: through templates and through reading goals/task demands.
The model uses a working memory buffer to store the current state of processing and a long-term memory store to represent the accumulated knowledge.

First Mention vs. Recency: Priming Effects

The study by Gernsbacher, Hargreaves, and Beeman (1989) explored the effect of first mention and recency on priming, finding a recency advantage for immediate tests and a first mention advantage for delayed tests.
The CI model can simulate these results by considering the activation levels of nodes in working memory and long-term memory.
The simulation shows that the recency advantage for concurrent test conditions is due to the stronger activation of the recently mentioned participant in working memory.
The first mention advantage for delayed tests arises because first-mentioned participants are linked to stronger nodes in long-term memory.

Matching Effects: Contextual Semantic Elaboration

The study by McKoon and Ratcliff (1981) demonstrated a matching effect where words previously activated in the text have a higher probability of being accessed on a subsequent task.
The CI model accounts for this by simulating the contextual semantic elaboration that occurs during sentence processing.
The simulation shows that the matching effect is a byproduct of comprehension because of the increased activation of concepts that have been semantically elaborated on during processing.

Conclusion

The CI model can account for the results of the priming experiments observed in the studies by Gernsbacher et al. (1989) and McKoon and Ratcliff (1981).
The model does not require additional assumptions to explain these phenomena.
The simulations showcase the model's ability to provide explicit mechanisms for the processes involved in comprehension.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Construction-Integration (CI) model, a comprehensive theory of comprehension that integrates text information with readers' prior knowledge and experiences. This quiz also covers findings from the study on priming effects by Gernsbacher et al., focusing on first mention vs. recency. Enhance your understanding of cognitive processing in comprehension!