9 The Connectionist Approach to Categories in the Brain Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to the text, what is the term used to describe the category level that reflects everyday experience?

  • Specific level
  • Global level
  • Basic level (correct)
  • Psychological level

    • What did Tanaka and Taylor (1991) find when they asked bird experts and non-experts to name pictures of birds?

  • Non-experts paid more attention to bird features
  • Non-experts responded more accurately
  • Experts responded by specifying the birds’ species (correct)
  • Experts and non-experts responded similarly

    • What is the term used to describe the model for how concepts and properties are associated in the mind, proposed by Collins and Quillian (1969)?

  • Cognitive economy
  • Hierarchical model
  • Spreading activation
  • Semantic networks (correct)

    • What is the term used to describe the property where lower-level items share properties of higher-level items in semantic networks?

    <p>Inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'spreading activation' refer to in the context of semantic networks?

    <p>Activation spreading out along all connected links when a node is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the phenomenon where reaction times for statements about an object are faster for more typical members of a category?

    <p>Typicality effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is conceptual knowledge?

    <p>Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concept?

    <p>A mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is categorization?

    <p>The process by which things are placed into groups called categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are categories useful?

    <p>Categories help organize our knowledge of the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the emphasis of the category-specific approach to information about concepts in the brain?

    <p>Specialized areas of the brain and networks connecting them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides the rules for creating categories?

    <p>Concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mirror neurons according to the embodied approach?

    <p>Activation of perceptual and motor areas associated with the concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mental representation for a concept affect categorization?

    <p>It affects what objects or events we place in the category of that concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for the mechanisms involved in face recognition, as suggested by the study on monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

    <p>Genetic basis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to decide if a particular object belongs to a specific category, such as 'chair,' by looking up its definition?

    <p>Activation of perceptual and motor areas associated with the concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the properties of various objects 'filed away' in the mind, according to the embodied approach?

    <p>Activation of perceptual and motor areas associated with the concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is information about different categories stored in the brain, as per the three approaches discussed?

    <p>Distributed across many structures in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for the Connectionist Approach?

    <p>Parallel Distributed Processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit in connectionist networks?

    <p>Connection weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sensory-Functional hypothesis predict about patients who can't identify living things?

    <p>They should have impaired sensory abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Multiple Factors approach differ from the Semantic category approach?

    <p>It involves searching for more factors that divide up concepts within a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demonstrates the graceful degradation of connectionist networks?

    <p>The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can connectionist networks explain regarding learning?

    <p>Generalization of learning through a slow learning process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach to categorization is based on comparing objects to an average representation of the category?

    <p>Exemplar approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept addresses the problem of definitions not including all category members?

    <p>Family resemblance concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype?

    <p>Exemplar approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Rosch's research indicate about the existence of different levels of categories?

    <p>Existence of different levels of categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of members show differences in resemblance to category prototype?

    <p>Low-prototypicality members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of objects are processed preferentially and named more rapidly according to the typicality effect?

    <p>High-prototypical objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Connectionist Approach and Categories in the Brain

    • Connectionism is a new approach to networks, using computer models to represent cognitive processes
    • It is also known as Parallel Distributed Processing, where knowledge is represented in the distributed activity of many units
    • Connection weights determine how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit in connectionist networks
    • The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage, demonstrating graceful degradation
    • Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning through a slow learning process
    • Google uses connectionism in machine learning, as seen in their YouTube videos on the subject
    • Different areas of the brain may be specialized to process information about different categories
    • The Sensory-Functional hypothesis predicts that patients who can't identify living things should have impaired sensory abilities
    • The Multiple Factors approach involves searching for more factors that divide up concepts within a category
    • Another differentiating factor between animals and artifacts is crowding, where concepts share many properties
    • Patients with category-specific impairments may not have a category-impairment at all
    • The Semantic category approach suggests specific neural circuits in the brain for specific categories, distributed over different cortical areas

    The Usefulness of Categories in Understanding the World

    • Categories help in understanding individual cases by providing general information and identifying special characteristics
    • Lecture structure covers basic properties of concepts and categories, network models of categorization, and how concepts are represented in the brain
    • Definitional approach to categorization is based on meeting category definitions, but it does not work well for natural and human-made objects
    • Family resemblance concept proposed by Wittgenstein addresses the problem of definitions not including all category members
    • The prototype approach defines membership by comparing objects to an average representation of the category
    • Variation in typicality is evident in different examples representing the category of "bird"
    • High-prototypicality and low-prototypicality members show differences in resemblance to category prototype
    • The typicality effect shows that prototypical objects are processed preferentially and named more rapidly
    • The exemplar approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype
    • Hierarchical organization shows different levels of categories, from general to specific, with evidence that the basic level is psychologically important
    • Both exemplars and prototypes may be used, with exemplars working best for small categories and prototypes for larger categories
    • Rosch's research indicates the existence of different levels of categories, from general to specific, in the use of categories

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    Cognitive Psychology Lecture 9: Conceptual Knowledge 2023 PDF

    Description

    Connectionist Approach and Categories in the Brain Quiz: Test your knowledge of the connectionist approach to cognitive processes, neural networks, and the brain's organization of categories. Explore the usefulness of categories in understanding the world, including network models of categorization, different approaches to categorization, and the representation of concepts in the brain.

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