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According to the text, what is the term used to describe the category level that reflects everyday experience?
What did Tanaka and Taylor (1991) find when they asked bird experts and non-experts to name pictures of birds?
What is the term used to describe the model for how concepts and properties are associated in the mind, proposed by Collins and Quillian (1969)?
What is the term used to describe the property where lower-level items share properties of higher-level items in semantic networks?
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What does the term 'spreading activation' refer to in the context of semantic networks?
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What term describes the phenomenon where reaction times for statements about an object are faster for more typical members of a category?
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What is conceptual knowledge?
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What is a concept?
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What is categorization?
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Why are categories useful?
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What is the emphasis of the category-specific approach to information about concepts in the brain?
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What provides the rules for creating categories?
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What is the role of mirror neurons according to the embodied approach?
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How does the mental representation for a concept affect categorization?
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What is the basis for the mechanisms involved in face recognition, as suggested by the study on monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
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Why is it difficult to decide if a particular object belongs to a specific category, such as 'chair,' by looking up its definition?
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How are the properties of various objects 'filed away' in the mind, according to the embodied approach?
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How is information about different categories stored in the brain, as per the three approaches discussed?
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What is another name for the Connectionist Approach?
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What determines how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit in connectionist networks?
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What does the Sensory-Functional hypothesis predict about patients who can't identify living things?
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How does the Multiple Factors approach differ from the Semantic category approach?
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What demonstrates the graceful degradation of connectionist networks?
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What can connectionist networks explain regarding learning?
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What approach to categorization is based on comparing objects to an average representation of the category?
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What concept addresses the problem of definitions not including all category members?
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Which approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype?
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What does Rosch's research indicate about the existence of different levels of categories?
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Which type of members show differences in resemblance to category prototype?
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What type of objects are processed preferentially and named more rapidly according to the typicality effect?
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Study Notes
The Connectionist Approach and Categories in the Brain
- Connectionism is a new approach to networks, using computer models to represent cognitive processes
- It is also known as Parallel Distributed Processing, where knowledge is represented in the distributed activity of many units
- Connection weights determine how strongly an incoming signal will activate the next unit in connectionist networks
- The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage, demonstrating graceful degradation
- Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning through a slow learning process
- Google uses connectionism in machine learning, as seen in their YouTube videos on the subject
- Different areas of the brain may be specialized to process information about different categories
- The Sensory-Functional hypothesis predicts that patients who can't identify living things should have impaired sensory abilities
- The Multiple Factors approach involves searching for more factors that divide up concepts within a category
- Another differentiating factor between animals and artifacts is crowding, where concepts share many properties
- Patients with category-specific impairments may not have a category-impairment at all
- The Semantic category approach suggests specific neural circuits in the brain for specific categories, distributed over different cortical areas
The Usefulness of Categories in Understanding the World
- Categories help in understanding individual cases by providing general information and identifying special characteristics
- Lecture structure covers basic properties of concepts and categories, network models of categorization, and how concepts are represented in the brain
- Definitional approach to categorization is based on meeting category definitions, but it does not work well for natural and human-made objects
- Family resemblance concept proposed by Wittgenstein addresses the problem of definitions not including all category members
- The prototype approach defines membership by comparing objects to an average representation of the category
- Variation in typicality is evident in different examples representing the category of "bird"
- High-prototypicality and low-prototypicality members show differences in resemblance to category prototype
- The typicality effect shows that prototypical objects are processed preferentially and named more rapidly
- The exemplar approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype
- Hierarchical organization shows different levels of categories, from general to specific, with evidence that the basic level is psychologically important
- Both exemplars and prototypes may be used, with exemplars working best for small categories and prototypes for larger categories
- Rosch's research indicates the existence of different levels of categories, from general to specific, in the use of categories
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Description
Connectionist Approach and Categories in the Brain Quiz: Test your knowledge of the connectionist approach to cognitive processes, neural networks, and the brain's organization of categories. Explore the usefulness of categories in understanding the world, including network models of categorization, different approaches to categorization, and the representation of concepts in the brain.
