Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is conceptual knowledge?
What is conceptual knowledge?
- Knowledge that is limited to specific instances and cannot be generalized
- Knowledge that is only used for abstract thinking
- Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about their properties (correct)
- Knowledge that is purely theoretical and not related to real-world objects and events
What is a concept?
What is a concept?
- A concrete object or event that can be directly experienced
- A purely imaginary idea with no basis in reality
- A specific instance of a category
- A mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas (correct)
What is categorization?
What is categorization?
- The process by which things are placed into groups called categories (correct)
- The process of identifying individual instances without grouping them
- The process of creating new concepts
- The process of eliminating categories from cognitive processes
Why are categories useful?
Why are categories useful?
What affects the animals we place in a specific category?
What affects the animals we place in a specific category?
What does the category 'cat' include?
What does the category 'cat' include?
In the context of semantic networks, what is the concept of spreading activation?
In the context of semantic networks, what is the concept of spreading activation?
What is the criticism of the Collins and Quillian model of semantic networks?
What is the criticism of the Collins and Quillian model of semantic networks?
What did Tanaka and Taylor (1991) find in their study regarding bird experts and non-experts?
What did Tanaka and Taylor (1991) find in their study regarding bird experts and non-experts?
What did Rosch’s experiments reveal about the basic level in categorization?
What did Rosch’s experiments reveal about the basic level in categorization?
What is the testable prediction based on the hierarchical organization of concepts in semantic networks?
What is the testable prediction based on the hierarchical organization of concepts in semantic networks?
What did Coley, Medin & Atran (1997) find in their study comparing undergraduates and horticulturalists?
What did Coley, Medin & Atran (1997) find in their study comparing undergraduates and horticulturalists?
What is the emphasis of the embodied approach to concepts?
What is the emphasis of the embodied approach to concepts?
What is the term used to describe the correspondence between words related to specific body parts and the location of brain activation?
What is the term used to describe the correspondence between words related to specific body parts and the location of brain activation?
What do mirror neurons fire when we do a task or when we observe another doing the same task?
What do mirror neurons fire when we do a task or when we observe another doing the same task?
According to Hauk et al. (2004), what do the categories in the brain involve?
According to Hauk et al. (2004), what do the categories in the brain involve?
What is the difficulty in deciding if a particular object belongs to a particular category, such as 'chair,' by looking up its definition?
What is the difficulty in deciding if a particular object belongs to a particular category, such as 'chair,' by looking up its definition?
How is information about different categories stored in the brain according to the three approaches?
How is information about different categories stored in the brain according to the three approaches?
Which approach to categorization uses an average representation of category members encountered in the past to determine category membership?
Which approach to categorization uses an average representation of category members encountered in the past to determine category membership?
Which concept allows for variation within a category and proposes that things in a category resemble each other in several ways?
Which concept allows for variation within a category and proposes that things in a category resemble each other in several ways?
Which approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype, and easily deals with variable categories?
Which approach represents a concept by multiple examples rather than a single averaged prototype, and easily deals with variable categories?
What type of approach to categorization is based on whether an object meets the category's definition, but does not work well for natural or human-made objects?
What type of approach to categorization is based on whether an object meets the category's definition, but does not work well for natural or human-made objects?
Which type of organization involves large, more general categories being divided into smaller, more specific categories?
Which type of organization involves large, more general categories being divided into smaller, more specific categories?
According to the text, which level of categories, such as 'table,' is psychologically important and used when categorizing items?
According to the text, which level of categories, such as 'table,' is psychologically important and used when categorizing items?
What is the main mechanism through which learning occurs in connectionist networks?
What is the main mechanism through which learning occurs in connectionist networks?
What characteristic of connectionist networks allows them to exhibit graceful degradation when damaged?
What characteristic of connectionist networks allows them to exhibit graceful degradation when damaged?
Which hypothesis suggests that living things and artifacts are processed by distinct semantic memory systems in the brain?
Which hypothesis suggests that living things and artifacts are processed by distinct semantic memory systems in the brain?
What challenges the sensory-functional hypothesis of distinct semantic memory systems for living things and artifacts?
What challenges the sensory-functional hypothesis of distinct semantic memory systems for living things and artifacts?
What differentiating factor between animals and artifacts is highlighted by the crowding hypothesis?
What differentiating factor between animals and artifacts is highlighted by the crowding hypothesis?
What may be the role of specific neural circuits in the brain according to the text?
What may be the role of specific neural circuits in the brain according to the text?
Study Notes
Connectionist Approach and Semantic Memory Systems
- Connectionist approach or parallel distributed processing is a new approach to representing cognitive processes in computer models.
- It involves units representing concepts and their properties, with connection weights determining signal activation.
- Connectionist networks operate with input units receiving stimuli from the environment and output units receiving input from hidden units.
- Learning in these networks occurs through the adjustment of connection weights based on error signals and back-propagation.
- Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning and exhibit graceful degradation when damaged.
- Google is involved in connectionism and machine learning, utilizing connectionist principles.
- Different areas of the brain may be specialized to process information about different categories, leading to category-specific memory impairment.
- The sensory-functional hypothesis suggests that living things and artifacts are processed by distinct semantic memory systems in the brain.
- However, evidence challenges this hypothesis, such as a patient with impaired sensory memory and functional ability.
- The multiple factors approach suggests that concepts within categories overlap, and patients may have difficulty distinguishing between items that share similar features.
- Another differentiating factor between animals and artifacts is crowding, where different concepts share many properties within a category.
- There may be specific neural circuits in the brain for certain categories, distributed over different cortical areas, with a limited number of innately determined categories.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the connectionist approach and semantic memory systems with this quiz. Explore the principles of connectionist networks, learning processes, and the organization of semantic memory in the brain. Delve into theories and evidence concerning category-specific memory impairment and the processing of living things and artifacts in the brain.
