20 Questions
Which of the following is a goal of research in psychology?
To develop knowledge about factors that cause people to think and behave in certain ways
What are postulates in theories of prejudice and discrimination?
Links among variables proposed by theories
What is the purpose of operational definitions in research?
To provide concrete representations of hypothetical constructs
What are the two basic criteria for assessing the quality of a measure?
Reliability and validity
Which of the following is a limitation of self-report measures?
They can be influenced by socially desirable responding
What does validity refer to in the context of measuring characteristics?
The measure's consistency
Which approach of assessing stereotypes involves respondents checking off traits they think describe a group?
Checklists
What type of evidence is used to assess the validity of a measure?
Convergent evidence
Which of the following is a measure used in implicit cognition research?
Physiological measures
What is the dependent variable in the Affective Priming Paradigm?
The response time
What is the advantage of using the Affect Misattribution Procedure?
It reduces social desirability response bias
What is the limitation of implicit cognition measures, such as the Implicit Association Test?
They cannot show absolute levels of prejudice
Which type of measure assesses automatic responses that are more difficult to control?
Implicit measures
Which of the following is a benefit of using multiple measures in a study?
Increased validity of results
What is the purpose of using measures of both controllable and uncontrollable expression of prejudice?
To look for similarities and differences in response to different types of measures
What is the purpose of probability sampling in survey research?
To ensure that the sample represents the population of interest
Which of the following is a method to statistically combine results of multiple studies?
Meta-Analysis
Researchers use qualitative data analysis to
Look for patterns of responses or behavior
What is the purpose of verifying research results through exact replication?
To ensure accuracy of research results
What should researchers do if the results of studies that used different research strategies all point to the same conclusion?
Have high confidence in that conclusion
Study Notes
Research Goals and Methods
- A goal of research in psychology is to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes.
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
- Postulates in theories of prejudice and discrimination are the underlying assumptions or principles that guide the development of the theory.
Operational Definitions and Measurement
- Operational definitions are used to define variables in research in a way that is specific, concrete, and measurable.
- The purpose of operational definitions is to ensure clarity and consistency in measuring variables.
- Two basic criteria for assessing the quality of a measure are reliability and validity.
Measurement Validity
- Validity refers to the extent to which a measure accurately assesses the characteristic or trait it is intended to measure.
- Evidence used to assess the validity of a measure includes face validity, construct validity, and criterion validity.
Assessing Stereotypes
- The checklist approach involves respondents checking off traits they think describe a group, which is one way to assess stereotypes.
Implicit Cognition Research
- The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a measure used in implicit cognition research to assess automatic associations between concepts.
- The Affective Priming Paradigm is a measure used in implicit cognition research, where the dependent variable is the response time to classify a target stimulus.
- The Affect Misattribution Procedure is a measure used in implicit cognition research that has the advantage of assessing implicit attitudes without directly asking participants about their attitudes.
- A limitation of implicit cognition measures, such as the IAT, is that they may not accurately reflect conscious attitudes or behaviors.
Using Multiple Measures
- A benefit of using multiple measures in a study is that it can increase the validity and reliability of the results.
- Using measures of both controllable and uncontrollable expressions of prejudice can provide a more comprehensive understanding of prejudice.
Survey Research
- Probability sampling is a method used in survey research to ensure that the sample is representative of the population.
Meta-Analysis
- Meta-analysis is a method used to statistically combine results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions.
Qualitative Data Analysis
- Researchers use qualitative data analysis to identify themes, patterns, and meanings in non-numerical data.
Replication and Results
- The purpose of verifying research results through exact replication is to increase confidence in the findings and ensure that the results are not due to chance.
- If the results of studies that used different research strategies all point to the same conclusion, it increases the validity and generalizability of the findings.
Quiz: Understanding psychologist study prejudice and discrimination. Test your knowledge on implicit cognition measures like the Affective Priming Paradigm and Implicit Association Test, and learn how exposure to certain stimuli can activate concepts associated with different categories.
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