The Cold War

• The Cold War involved containment, the Second Red Scare, McCarthyism, and conflicts in Korea and Vietnam

Policy of Containment

• Sought to stop the spread of communism in Europe and Asia
• Eastern Europe was under Soviet control/communist rule
• Western Europe was capitalist
• Containment policies included providing aid to countries to prevent communism
• The Marshall Plan aimed to rebuild Western Europe with $17 billion
• The Truman Doctrine helped Turkey and Greece resist communism
• NATO was formed to stop the spread of communism

Red Scare

• Americans feared communist expansion in Europe and Asia
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Hollywood
• Suspected communists were blacklisted
• Joseph McCarthy, through "McCarthyism", claimed communists were infiltrating the U.S. government

Korean War

• The U.S. and U.N. intervened to stop the spread of communism to South Korea.
• The war ended in a stalemate.
• South Korea is free of communism today, but North Korea is communist.

Vietnam War

• The war divided the U.S. and sparked massive protests
• Spending for the war took priority over domestic programs.
• The goal was to contain communism.
• The U.S. withdrew from Vietnam, but the country is still communist today

Collapse of the Soviet Union

• Marked the end of the Cold War
• Involved the collapse of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
• The Soviet economy suffered from inefficient central planning and huge expenditures due to the arms race
• Several communist governments gave up power after mass demonstrations for democracy
• The Fall of the Berlin Wall led to Germany's reunification
• The U.S. provided assistance to some former communist countries to support economic and education reforms
• The U.S. economy shifted due to less spending on defense after the Soviet Union's collapse

Eastern Bloc

• It consisted of socialist states in Central and Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
• These states were under the control and influence of the Soviet Union and its ideology (Marxism-Leninism), which was imposed upon them.
• The Eastern Bloc was in opposition to the capitalist Western Bloc during the Cold War (1947–1991)
• The Eastern Bloc was the "Second World"; the "First World" was the Western Bloc; and the "Third World’ referred to non-aligned countries mainly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
• Eastern Bloc generally included the USSR and its satellite states in the Comecon, while the Soviet Bloc in Asia and the Americas had specific countries like Mongolia, Vietnam, Cuba, Nicaragua, and Grenada

WWII Ends

• The Allies won
• The American army and navy were the most powerful in the world
• Tom Brokaw called it the "greatest generation"

Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

• Communist and distrusted by Americans
• The Soviet Union suffered the greatest loss of life during WWII
• Stalin was upset by the North African Campaign

Cold War Begins

• The Truman administration focused on fighting communism
• Containment was a key policy
• The Cold War was the greatest issue of the next 50 years
• It led to the expansion of defense industries and military spending
• Communist witch hunts and might testing occurred in Vietnam
• The United States triumphs, but there was uncertainty in the beginning

Containment

• It was a United States foreign policy adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947
• The doctrine operated on the principle that communist governments would eventually fall apart if they are prevented from expanding

Greatest Generation

• Also known as the G.I. Generation and the World War II generation
• It is the Western demographic cohort following the Lost Generation and preceding the Silent Generation
• People born from 1901-1927

The San Francisco Conference (1945) Details

• Delegates from 50 nations, representing 80% of the world's population, met in San Francisco to develop an organization that would maintain peace and build a better world
• The charter for the United Nations was unanimously approved June 25, 1945, despite disagreements.

Historical Background of the United Nations

• The idea of the United Nations (UN) was born during World War II
• The name "United Nations" was coined by United States (US) President Franklin D. Roosevelt
• The term was first used in the “Declaration by United Nations” on January 1, 1942
• Representatives of 26 nations pledged to fight together against the Axis powers
• The leaders of countries felt a strong need for an institution to bring peace
• The UN was intended to be that organization if all nations came together to create a global organization

UN Headquarters

• Located in New York City
• An International Peacekeeping Organization that replaced the League of Nations

Security Council

• The "upper house" and executive branch of the UN
• 5 permanent seats: United States, Great Britain, France, China, Soviet Union
• 10 other seats with 2-year terms, elected by the General Assembly
• Powers include economic sanctions, use of military force, deployment of peacekeeping troops
• Has veto power, a legal power to stop an official action

General Assembly

• It is the "town meeting for the world"
• Includes standing committees
• Passes resolutions and makes suggestions
• Is the Formation of United Nations

Yalta Conference

• Called 'the deal with the devil'
• The Big Three" (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin)
• Promised fair and free elections in Poland
• Divided Germany into 4 zones
• Globalism was a response to failures of isolationism

Atlantic Charter

• (Roosevelt & Churchill, 1941) connected to World War II
• It was about an international organization to arbitrate disputes, which became the United Nations
• The goal was to end military alliances and spheres of influence

United States

• A free-market capitalist world
• Fought against communist, totalitarian

Soviet Union

• The timeframe was 45 Years
• Fought expansion into Europe, Asia, Africa

Battleground Locations

• Vietnam
• Cuba
• Grenada
• Afghanistan
• Angola

Origins of Ideological Conflict

• Refusal of US to recognize USSR (16 years after Bolshevik takeover)
• First Red Scare (domestic fears of communism)
• Fears of workers' labor organization

WWII Context

• USSR: Stalin was justifiably enraged about the war
• 20 million lives lost
• Lend-Lease to Soviets ended before the war
• Promises of freedom in eastern Europe were broken

Yalta Conference (February 1945)

• USSR gained territorial concessions from Japan and special rights in Chinese Manchuria
• This territory had been lost during the Russo-Japanese War, 1905

Potsdam Conference (Summer 1945)

• Germany divided into 4 zones with democracy planned
• Zones for: United States, Great Britain, France, Soviet Union (latter did not follow plan and established a puppet government)

Satellite Nations (buffer zone)

• Involved the Soviet Red Army
• Winston Churchill described the Soviet Union’s division of democracy and capitalism saying an "iron curtain descended across the continent”.

Satellite Nations of Soviet Union details

• There was an environment of mutual mistrust
• Included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria
• There was a disagreement about the political structure of postwar Europe
• Stalin wanted to control central and eastern Europe
• Postwar government disagreements left the issue of Poland undecided/unresolved
• The Tehran Conference (1943) discussed these postwar government disagreements
• The Yalta Conference: promise of free elections (VIOLATED)
• Included Hungary and Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia (Leader: Josip Broz Tito)
• Soviet controlled Germany

Tehran Conference

• Leaders: U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier
• When: November 28 and December 1, 1943
• Why: postwar governments

Yalta Conference (Crimea Conference)

• Leaders: same (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin)
• When: February 4-11, 1945
• Why: Soviet entry into the Pacific, creation of UN, formation of security council, division of Germany & Europe

Truman Doctrine

• Containment led by George Kennan (mid-level diplomat, State Department) to contain communism within current boundaries
• Support was given to free people fighting against communist expansion in Greece and Turkey
• $400 million in aid successfully stopped communist aggression

Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program)

• Led by Secretary of State George Marshall
• $17 billion in aid was given to Great Britain, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, + more
• Economic miracle in Western Europe as trade boomed for Europe and USA leading to capitalism winning with increased American support and weakened communist support

Harry S. Truman

• 33rd President April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
• Truman believed the Soviet Union and Stalin were fundamentally untrustworthy

Cold War Conflict in Berlin

• Berlin was a divided capital within Soviet-controlled Germany
• West Berlin was an island of capitalism in a sea of communism
• In June 1948, Soviets blockaded Berlin by sealing off all land routes to stop the merging of American, British, and French zones of Germany to create a new West German Republic
• The United States and Great Britain started the Berlin Airlift
• Truman decided that the US was "going to stay, period."
• Over 11 months, 4,000 tons of supplies were delivered daily into West Berlin (“Operation Little Vittles”)
• There were 250,000 supply missions which resulted in success for the United States and capitalism
• The Berlin Blockade ended in May 1949
• Stalin looked bad (civilians as pawns for expansion)

The People's Republic of China Details

• Est. October 1, 1949
• Chinese Civil War immediately following WWII

Backstory

• Chinese Revolution of 1911
• On and off conflict between the two sides since the 1920's

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• WINNER
• Leader: Mao Zedong
• Opposed by the United States
• They established communist China (PRC)
• The “fall” of mainland China to communism led the USA to suspend diplomatic ties with the PRC for decades

Nationalist Party aka Kuomintang (KMT)

• Not Winner
• Leader: Chiang Kai-shek
• Supported by United States (money + weapons)
• US continued support (smaller scale) in Taiwan

Containment Failure

• Chinese nationalists fall to communist leader Mao Zedong
• This influences the Korean War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• April 1949
• It was a collective security agreement between Western nations
• The crisis in Berlin accelerated the formation of NATO
• Members agreed that if any were attacked, all would retaliate
• Members agreed to maintain a standing military force in Europe
• The original NATO Members were Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, and the United States
• It signified isolationist past leading to full intervention, George Washington warned us against this type of agreement.

Soviet Response

• Warsaw Pact, 1955
• It was a collective security agreement

Collective Security

• It is an agreement between countries that includes that an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states, which act together to repel the aggressor
• Has an ultimate goal to prevent or stop wars

Setting/Context Matter

• On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the creation of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
• This related to the Korean War and American action?

A Divided Korea, 38th Parallel

• North Korea details: Kim Il Sung (no elections)

• South Korea details: President Syngman Rhee (elections)

• Korean War details: June 25, 1950-July 27 1953

• N.Korea invades S. Korea à Truman commits aid to S. Korea

• It was a coalition of UN member nations

• Soviet Union details: boycotting Security Council - otherwise, could have blocked action, Commander: General Douglas MacArthur

• Pushed back Northern forces over 38th parallel then beyond to the Yalu River (bordering China)

• 400,000 Chinese Forces came in

• Back at 38th Parallel

Truman and MacArthur

• MacArthur wanted WAR

• Truman said: "Yikes! We could have WWIII"

• MacArthur spoke to American people directly

• Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination

• Results: 37,000 Americans killed and a Stalemate - ceasefire à armistice

• American Relations in Asia after the Korean War included: Increased tensions between the United States China and Improved relations and diplomacy between the United States and Japan

• There was a Continued Division B/W North and South Korea:

• North Korea Details: remained communist dictatorship South Korea details: remained under Syngman Rhee, a strong military man

Argued Causes of Hostility

• (both sides contributed à created atmosphere of tension and suspicion)
• Brutality of the Soviet government and mistreatment of eastern Europeans during World War II
• Agressive Soviet policies of expansion and communist expansion
• Soviet paranoia about the intentions of the West
• US refusal to deal with the Soviet Union for 16 years - during the 1920s
• US insisting that the whole world be open to American trade and influence (capitalist expansion)
• Fundamental differences in nations' vision of the postwar world (ignorance and misconceptions by both sides)
• Ultimately two most powerful countries were destined to clash

The 1950s at Home

• War time economy à consumer economy

• Franchises and Conglomerates strikes banned during WWII inflation - wartime price controls ended worker surplus - returning soldiers

• Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 AKA The G.I. Bill of Rights

• Government provided loans to start a business/build a home

• Impact the above had in American society: helped cause the growth of suburbs

• Government offered money for college (emphasis on math and science)

Arms Race Details

• Competition between nations focused on superiority in development and accumulation of weapons
• Especially between the US and the Soviet Union during the Cold War

Labor Management Relations Act of 1947

• Taft–Hartley Act
• Amended Wagner Act
• Federal law restricted activities and power of labor unions
• Congress passed this federal law over veto of President Harry S. Truman
• This effort was supported by conservative republicans

Atomic Energy Act (1946)

• Said the president was vested with the exclusive authority to launch a nuclear strike - only one who can order it
• Government took a monopoly over all nuclear material
• Atomic Energy Commission included 5 civilians, with directed peaceful intention

NSC-68 (foreign policy), 1950

• This was a blueprint for the militarization of the Cold War
• Stated areas of US interest
• Expanded military and military spending (expanded the military by almost 4x its sizes)
• Eliminated war department and created the defense department
• New Secretary of Defense (new top dog)

Secretary Details

• (of the Army, Navy, Air Force and National Security Council)
• Coordinate Department of State AND the Department of Defense
• Led to the Creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The Buck Stops Here, 1948 Election

• Truman was an underdog but won
• Progressive Party ticket: Henry Wallace
• Moderate of the Democratic Party: Truman
• Truman was the First president to court African American vote
• More aggressive campaigning: criticized opponents

Republicans

• Abandoned common people conservatives in party opposed Truman's proposed civil rights bill
• 'Dixiecrat': Strom Thurmond
• Predicted Winner: Thomas Dewey, Republican Governor of New York Republicans: took BOTH the House and Senate in 1946

Truman's Fair Deal (21 points)

Domestic Goals - Accomplished

• Raised minimum wage (45 cents --> 75 cents)
• Expanded social security
• Created National Housing Act of 1949

Long Term Goals

• Low income housing, and long-term rent subsidies
• faced strong opposition which limited success

Like Ike

• Dwight D. Eisenhower (Ike)
• The 34th President, 1953–1961
• The 1950s represented a period of nostalgia
• President Ike = popular used covert operations to achieve goals (Central Intelligence Agency - CIA)
• Ike's greatest domestic challenge: was the Red Scare

Modern Republicanism

• Moderate - between the two parties
• stopped expansion of New Deal and Fair Deal programs
• stopped reversing popular programs (Social Security)

The 2nd Red Scare

• Executive Order 9835 ( the Loyalty Order); est. in 1947
• Mandated that all federal employees be analyzed to determine whether they were sufficiently loyal to the government
• President Truman ordered background checks of civilian members of government
• Alger Hiss - State Department, convicted of perjury (statute of limitations expired for espionage)
• It was 'linked' liberal Democrats with communist subversion
• Elevated Richard Nixon's national profile
• Increased fear of communist infiltration --> further investigations

McCarthyism

• Sen. Joseph McCarthy --> the senator from Wisconsin
• Claimed there were communist spies infiltrating government (TOOLS: fear, paranoia, unfounded claims, and spreading communism inside US)
• SIGNIFANCE / WHY HE MATTERS: Safeguards of Constitution= trampled
• Civil Liberties forgotten, and it was likened to the Salem Witch Trials
• McCarthy's Wheeling Speech CLAIMED: 205 “card-carrying members” of the Communist Party worked at the U.S. Department of State
• McCarthy addressed Senate, February 20, 1950 where unreliable & unsubstantiated claims à still called for full-investigation
• Then came the Army-McCarthy Hearings (went into 1954)
• That led to McCarthy's Downfall: military accusations
• Hollywood Ten detailed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), and their purpose -- to investigate alleged disloyalty and rebel activities on the part of private citizens, public employees and organizations suspected of having Communist ties
• Future president Ronald Reagan testified (1947)
• And because of the HUAC...they wanted the Soviet Union to be portrayed as the enemy in movies + entertainment

The outcome of school boards and state legislation

• Producers blacklisted anyone who was believed to be communist. and school boards and state legislatures lost jobs and ruined reputations
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (transferred atomic secrets to the Soviets)
• They were convicted and executed as Soviet spies
• There wer 2 years of failed appeals with public protests for the crime of selling secrets about radar, sona, and nuclear weapons with the result being fears "justified," witch hunt

Union Merger for protection

AFL = The American Federation of Labor CIO = Congress of Industrial Organization

• (AFL and CIO) Censorship: Books Censorship included Books and a ban on Robin Hood (because stealing from rich to give to the poor = communism)
• McCarthyism ended by 1950
• Resulted in “socialism” = dirty word, lumped with communism
• Implication: don't criticize the United States, don't be different, conform
• Reaction was seen in the Civil Rights movements of the 1960s

The Red Dot Game

• Booming economy
• Europe: market for American goods
• Growth in the Consumer middle-class society: refrigerators, range-top ovens, convertible automobiles, televisions
• Suburbanization boomed where home = affordable and the where was the "American Dream."
• This was the 1950s TV and the Baby Boomer Childhood which included shows like Leave it to Beaver, Father Knows Best, and I Love Lucy
• Conformity demanded in year --> inspired countercultural movements in years to come.

Key Factors

• Postwar affluence and the American Dream
• Celebration of the nuclear family
• Growth was seen in increased consumerism and the increased production and purchase of AMERICAN goods
• Increase in suburban schools
• The Big Three (automobiles) were Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler

Important details

• Vaccines lead to Increased Life Expectancy with subsequent population growth

• Interstate Highway Act of 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, with 41,000 miles of interstate highways led to suburbs and living farther from work (moving away from cities)

• Suburbia Motivations which included affordability of housing, decaying cities, and racism William Levitt

• Built housing for military personnel during WWII and Built the largest planned-living community in the United States on Long Island, New York

• It was a process of assembly line production where building houses took 27 steps (teams = specialized for each step), significance was that home/s were built faster and cheaper Most houses included: 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, kitchen at back

Motives

• Veterans and others who promoted suburban growth and suburban conveniences
• McDonald's fast food restaurants were popular and shopping centers
• What was critical?* Keeping up with the Joneses was critical, and it included the desire to deliberately buy or do the same things as the people around them so they appear as successful.
• Most ~83% of households had a TV! and bestselling periodical: TV Guide
• Politics changed as Harry S Truman: was the 1st televised president Senator, Estes Kefauver prosecuted mob boss Frank Costello
• There were full speeches where sound bites replaced full speeches (Eisenhower campaign.)

In Politics

• The 1960 presidential debate was the First Televised Presidential Debate
• Between Kennedy (won the television viewing audience) and Nixon (Won the radio audience) --> huge impact!
• The 1st coast-to-coast color broadcast took place Jan 1, 1954 for The Tournament of Roses Parade
• Bob Hope = television host
• Leslie Townes aka "Bob" Hope (May 29, 1903 – July 27, 2003) was British-American comedian, vaudevillian, actor, singer, dancer host, and author
• He had an 80-year career with 70 short and feature films and 54 feature films with Hope as the star while starring in a series of seven "Road" musical comedy movies alongside Bing Crosby
• Situational Comedies = Sitcoms = Idyllic American Lives

Situational Comedies

• Sitcoms lead to Idyllic American Lives
• I Love Lucy was on from 1951-1957 and included with a Cuban-American character: Ricky Ricardo (actor: Desi Arnaz) which was groundbreaking
• It dealt with pregnancy (though stomach never was never shown!) and 45 million were tuned in to welcome newborn (or an appx. 30% of Americans)
• Shows Included: Leave it to Beaver (1957-1963)
• The Donna Reed Show (1958-1966)
• Father Knows Best (1954-1960)
• Nixon's used his dog = Checkers in his rhetoric (which appealed to the American people. however. 1960 debate Nixon looked sweaty mess Journalist Tom Brokaw -- mentioned earlier in presentation (renowned American TV journalist) known for his work as the anchor + managing editor of NBC Nightly News on TV from 1982-2004
• The "Greatest Generation” =people who came of age during World War II

The Roots of Rock

• Were in African American blues and gospel that arose out of the Great Migration

• It can be attributed to Alan Freed of Cleveland, Ohio

• Who coined the expression Rock 'n Roll Rock 'n Roll Artists included: Elvis Presley discovered by Sam Phillips and Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Little Richard, and Buddy Holly with Jerry Lee Lewis also

• Rock and Roll Backlash included backlash from churches which saw said that Rock 'n Roll = Satan's music was appalled by rock 'n roll dancing

• They saw the influence of the music as harmful towards youth who wanted to "shake, rattle, and roll"

• African Americans faced Twofold poverty rates and ongoing issues of segregation + racism

Latino Americans (and quote from the Invisible Man)

-Lived in urban barrios “Operation Wetback” occurred under then-president Eisenhower (June 1954) IMPORTANT NOTE: "wetback" was a well-established racial slur + should not be said in class/school environment

• It was an immigration law enforcement initiative that was created by Joseph Swing who was the Director of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), who did so in cooperation with the Mexican government
• This was implemented by U.S. Attorney General Herbert Brownell regarding the Native American policy of Termination ending federal support of reservations
• The policy influenced relocation and job placement leading to the creation of Native American ghettos
• Happy Days presented the idea of a the idyllic dream against But Not for those depicted ALL (from p. 41) Real life of marginalized groups against and in opposition to the image we have of 1950s memory marginalized groups = groups of people who are treated as insignificant, such as minorities, women, and socially nonconforming individuals

The Beat Generation

• Lead in Greenwich Village, NYC
• Criticized: materialism, racism, uniformity
• Columbia University

Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg

• Authors and university alumni
• Jack Kerouac wrote, 1957, On The Road Allen Ginsberg wrote Howl (1956) Beat movie works included The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit by Sloan Wilson. The Organization Man by William Whyte, and, The Power Elite by C. Wright Mills
• Eisenhower’s Farewell Address was their primary/main source
• Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger

Big Screen Reels

• Rebel movies included: The Wild One (est. 1953) Starred Marlon Brando, motorcycle gang-leader Blackboard Jungle (est. 1955) was about juvenile delinquincy in an urban high school

• It banned rock 'n roll soundtrack and multiracial cast

• Rebel Without a Cause, est 1955, had 3 Academy Awards, starring James Dean Most Movies through 1950s were Western and Romance

• The "Third World" saw independence movements and decolonization in proxy armies & proxy wars (battleground of Cold War) US + Soviet Union: bring their nation into sphere of influence

• The Balfour Declaration happened in est. 1917. where The British promised Zionist state in their colony of Palestine.

• The UN Partition Resolution occurred in 1947 when Palestine was split into Jewish and Arab states once the British Mandate of Colonization was over.

Britain against this split took it OVER

• (Britain was against this split in 1947.) Recognition of Israel happened in1948 when Truman officially recognized the state of Israel. new ally was the Jews who were given a new state
• New enemies were Arabs - The Palestinians were forced from their homes and their country

Suez Crisis

• Involved Egypt- President Gamal Abdel Nasser
• October 29, 1956 – November 7 1956 (1 week and 2 days)
• Called: The Tripartite Aggression in Egypt
• It was the Second Arab-Israeli war plus the Sinai War in Israel
• Gamal sought ties with Soviet bloc as the U.S. withdrew aid for Aswan Danm Egyptian responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal which also put NATO vs. Warsaw Pact as they are a NATION: British, French + Israeli forces invaded
• Eisenhower Doctrine occurred where American support went to governments fighting communist insurgencies where their motivations were the oil in Middle East
• To prevent anti-Western takeover in Lebanon they took action: sending in 5,000 marines

About Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Gamal Abdel Nasser was the 2nd president of Egypt 1954
• He led 1952 over throw of monarchy introduce "land reforms"
• He also called for pan-Arab unity made strides towards social justice implemented modernization policies
• He celebrated for anti-imperialist efforts
• Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had the policy of brinkmanship -- avoid war by threatening war (pushing a situation to the point of disaster without quite going over the edge) .

The policy of massive retaliation and the Cold WAR Arms RACE:

(a.k.a. massive response or massive deterrence) declared any Soviet attack on an American ally & countered by a nuclear attack on the the Soviet Union (the nuclear response) the U.S == larger nuclear arsenal

• China: looking at Taiwan [Taiwanese islands of Quemoy and Matsu]

• War in Vietnam where Ho Chi Minh Ho defeated French in (now communist) Vietnam + Viet Cong which became Vietnam's foundation war

• military doctrine + nuclear strategy in which state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force. state commits itself to retaliate in much greater force in even of an attack The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)'s involved "covert operations"

• In Iran there was a covert operation

• The CIA drove off democratically-elected Mossadegh (coup with phony mob), returned American-backed SHAH Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh (1951-1953) championed secular democracy and resistance to foreign domination in Iran's modern history

Guatemala

• The US nationalized British Petroleum [BP]
• In their military they were overthrown, and its outcome was because the 1953 they did a coup d'etat orchestrated by United Kingdom’s MI6* and the American. CIA and it was led by Kermit Roosevelt
• 1954 Guatemala coup d' etat by operation of the CIA: (codename operation PBsuccess
• Jacobo Arbenz was democratically elected, then nationalize American owned United Fruit Company and redistributed land CIA Air Support for the Landed Coup response to the promises was American air power
• with CIA backed band of mercenaries drove their coup. Deposited with U.S. air support by CIA backed mercenaries ended Guatemalan Revolution The CIA installed military control under the dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas. The result was a series of backed- authoritarian rulers in Guatemala

U.S.'s Involvement in Latin America through the CIA

• support of autocrats + dictators. The U.S. has a U.S. reputation which followed support of autocrats and dictators while overthrowing of elected officials took place

• a was their fair reputation. Reaction in Cuba

• Fidel Castro overthrew U.S. Dictator FUlgenico Batista.

• Castro (years 1926-2016), was revolutionary overthrew government . in 1959 with communism

• Castro Was Prime Minister of Cuba 1959 through 1976

• President 19760008 and the leader was always strict of Cuba’s politics and economy. Because of the control it create resistant influence domestically + internationally America Relations with Cuba

• (during Fidal Ruler) = strained by Castro where economic + sanctions and attempted isolations

• the Castro aligned new alliegence lead to Cuban crisis. It reflected Cuban to America in Latin America. Which aligned to the Ideologial Conflict in Latin Am

Soviet Union

• Used military actions to quell the freedom they sought After Hungarians demonstrated irl: Hungarian Uprising and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 against Puppet Government of the Soviet Union The People's Republic 1989: 1949 Soviet puppet. Inspired by student protest with hard ships (political oppression too) political reforms included withdrawd from the warsaw pact and what not had Imre a sweeping reformer for multi party election, freedom (1958)

U.S vs SOVIET TENSION

• American president feared liberation from communism So, the Soviet tanks came which crushed the unrest There was a general feeling that U.S. and Soviets were not to be trusts and would always be a great menace. They had the "great menace" Nikita khrushceher who declined "Open Skies proposal. Shot down the American U-2 plan. Russia launched the first Satellite SPUTNICk.1957
• American Response created shelters and Nasa + funds

CAPITALISM

aka, a free market economy. (the U.S def= an system for economic and politics. def= economy dominatnat in world (dominant (controlled).investment decided by production and the free MARKET

COMMUINISM

a bad plan -The Soviet Union theory advocates for class war is eliminated that all is equal by need. Is the idea that wealth means bad and that people should be communal and not private or that private is severely curtailed Doctrine replace by means of production. That ownership and control of major parts is communism.

Causes of the Cold War Essay Points

• Discuss the origins and reasons the COld War started.
• trace of tension between United States and the at 5 facts and explain War -describe + summrize and discuss Discuss the points in the war when war Describe the second Read Second red right violoatins that happened. and Identify he factor of cause and what were

Soviet Union

The Cold history as the U.S refused to recognize the Soviet leader. The first ReD scare WWI, stalinisn , promisee in Pland and POTSDAm berlin (to soviet)

#thescafyother and with atomic bombs + misconception second scar, Soviet expansion and U.S. embrace of intervention.

• Plan, (was a bit much!)

• Korean war and the 38th war. The start Communist N. korea invades the South

• Goals Soviet union and communism would have encouraged such war" roles for majors who cause or want the involvement. china to Soviet uniiom (with the casualties the U.S. AND THE UN"

• Korea divided with Military buildup which led to second Red Scare from feared threat posed by Communists

• and preoccupied. after WWI

The 2nd Red Scare

What happened: the executive order by truman and there was information could be established

• People included : "Alger Hiss", with McCasrthystm, BAiting The HOUSE that "the U Bill of Righs" were attacked with liberties for all. should be in school books and not suppressed (debate) is a must because we must the balance of it all. "THE RED" means commiumsim.