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______: what we can bring to mind may not represent what is typical in reality
Availability Heuristic
______ & Kahneman (1973)
Tversky
______ et al. (1991)
Schwarz
______ heuristic: A mental shortcut whereby people make classifications based on similarity to typical cases
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______ & Kahneman (1974)
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______ Thinking Style: People focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context
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______ Thinking Style: People focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects related to one another
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Two modes of thinking: Intuitive Thinking (System 1) o Quick and reflexive; often rely on “hunches” o Little mental effort required.
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Analytical Thinking (System 2) o Slow and reflective; deliberate o Requires mental effort.
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Humans often effortlessly understand the world o Automatic processing o Top-down processing
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Automatic Thinking: o Nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and ______ forms of thought.
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Automatic Thinking: o Nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and ______ forms of thought.
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Automatic Thinking: o Nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and ______ forms of thought.
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Schemas: o Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and that influence the information people notice, think about, and ______.
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Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees traveled from town in the same ______, were caught in a traffic jam, and arrived at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flights.
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Mr. Crane is ______ that his flight left on time.
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Mr. Tees is ______ that his flight was delayed, and just left five minutes ago.
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Counterfactual thinking happens in the real ______ too.
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Self-blame after loss of a loved one is an example of ______ thinking.
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Counterfactual thinking is often ______.
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Preparation for the future is one of the benefits of ______ thinking.
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Controlled thinking provides a check for ______ thinking.
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People tend to have too much confidence in the accuracy of their ______.
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Self-fulfilling prophecy: o The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations.
Examples:
o Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968): Teachers and IQ of students
o Riley & Ungerleider (2012): Self-fulfilling prophecy could negatively affect indigenous and ESL students
Types of Automatic Thinking
Embodied Cognition: o The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures, such as schemas
Examples:
o Head nodding increases persuasiveness of ______ (Wells & Petty, 1980)
o Holding a pencil in teeth (activated smiling muscles) increased judgments of how funny cartoons were (Strack et al.
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Heuristics: o Mental shortcuts used to make judgments quickly and efficiently o Save mental effort o Prone to errors Two Important Heuristics: o Availability o Representativeness Heuristics Availability Heuristic: o Judgments or decisions are made based on the ease with which information comes to ______.
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Applying Schemas: Accessibility
Accessibility o The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people’s minds and are, therefore, likely to be used when making judgments about the social world
Three ways schemas become accessible: o Chronic availability o Related to a current goal o Recent experiences: ______ • The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Functions of schemas
Organize our knowledge & provide ______
Direct attention & process information efficiently
Influence interpretation o Useful in ambiguous circumstances
Influence memory processes
Guide decision-making
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Types of Automatic Thinking
Embodied Cognition: o The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures, such as ______
Examples:
o Head nodding increases persuasiveness of messages (Wells & Petty, 1980)
o Holding a pencil in teeth (activated smiling muscles) increased judgments of how funny cartoons were (Strack et al.
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Types of Automatic Thinking
Heuristics: o Mental shortcuts used to make judgments quickly and efficiently o Save mental effort o Prone to errors Two Important Heuristics: o Availability o ______ Heuristics
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Automatic Thinking: Schemas
Types of Automatic Thinking
Embodied Cognition: o The process by which bodily sensations activate mental structures, such as schemas
Examples:
o Head nodding increases persuasiveness of messages (Wells & Petty, 1980)
o Holding a pencil in teeth (activated smiling muscles) increased judgments of how funny cartoons were (Strack et al., 1988) o Relationships are perceived as less stable when people are in physically unstable ______ (Kille et al., 2013)
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