Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who arrived at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight?
Who arrived at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight?
Who was told that his flight left on time?
Who was told that his flight left on time?
Who was told that his flight was delayed and just left five minutes ago?
Who was told that his flight was delayed and just left five minutes ago?
Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
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What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
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What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
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Which heuristic is based on judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind?
Which heuristic is based on judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind?
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Which heuristic is based on making classifications based on similarity to typical cases?
Which heuristic is based on making classifications based on similarity to typical cases?
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In the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example, what is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician?
In the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example, what is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician?
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Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
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What is counterfactual thinking?
What is counterfactual thinking?
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Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
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What are schemas?
What are schemas?
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What is the main focus of social cognition?
What is the main focus of social cognition?
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Which mode of thinking is quick, reflexive, and often relies on 'hunches'?
Which mode of thinking is quick, reflexive, and often relies on 'hunches'?
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What is the term for mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world?
What is the term for mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world?
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Which mode of thinking is slow, reflective, and requires mental effort?
Which mode of thinking is slow, reflective, and requires mental effort?
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What is the term for nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless forms of thought?
What is the term for nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless forms of thought?
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Which mode of thinking is deliberate and requires mental effort?
Which mode of thinking is deliberate and requires mental effort?
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What are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and influence the information they notice, think about, and remember?
What are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and influence the information they notice, think about, and remember?
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What is the term for the understanding of the world around us that is quick and automatic?
What is the term for the understanding of the world around us that is quick and automatic?
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Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on embodied cognition?
Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on embodied cognition?
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What is the term for mental shortcuts used to make judgments quickly and efficiently?
What is the term for mental shortcuts used to make judgments quickly and efficiently?
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Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas become accessible?
Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas become accessible?
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What is the term for the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
What is the term for the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
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What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
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Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on heuristics?
Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on heuristics?
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What is the availability heuristic based on?
What is the availability heuristic based on?
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Which thinking style is more characteristic of collectivist cultures?
Which thinking style is more characteristic of collectivist cultures?
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What is controlled thinking?
What is controlled thinking?
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What are the factors that bias our thinking according to the text?
What are the factors that bias our thinking according to the text?
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What is counterfactual thinking?
What is counterfactual thinking?
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What is the cultural difference in attentional processes according to the text?
What is the cultural difference in attentional processes according to the text?
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What is the main focus of automatic thinking according to the text?
What is the main focus of automatic thinking according to the text?
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Who is more upset, Mr. Crane or Mr. Tees?
Who is more upset, Mr. Crane or Mr. Tees?
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What is the main purpose of counterfactual thinking?
What is the main purpose of counterfactual thinking?
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What is the overconfidence barrier?
What is the overconfidence barrier?
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What is the recommended approach to improve judgment?
What is the recommended approach to improve judgment?
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Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
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What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
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What is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician in the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example?
What is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician in the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example?
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Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
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What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
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Study Notes
Social Cognition
- A person who arrives at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight will be told that their flight left on time.
- Another person who arrives at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight will be told that their flight was delayed and just left five minutes ago.
Schemas
- Schemas perform various functions, but NOT the function of increasing the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
- Schemas are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world.
- Schemas influence the information people notice, think about, and remember.
- Schemas become accessible through recent experiences, priming, and context.
Thinking Styles
- Analytical thinking is slow, reflective, and requires mental effort.
- Automatic thinking is quick, reflexive, and often relies on 'hunches'.
- Controlled thinking is deliberate and requires mental effort.
- Automatic thinking is more characteristic of individualistic cultures, while controlled thinking is more characteristic of collectivist cultures.
Heuristics
- The availability heuristic is based on judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind.
- The representativeness heuristic is based on making classifications based on similarity to typical cases.
- The likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician in the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example is low.
Social Cognition Biases
- The overconfidence barrier is a bias that occurs when people are too confident in their judgments.
- The recommended approach to improve judgment is to consider alternative perspectives.
- Factors that bias our thinking include schemas, heuristics, and cultural differences in attentional processes.
Counterfactual Thinking
- Counterfactual thinking is the process of imagining alternative outcomes or scenarios.
- The main purpose of counterfactual thinking is to understand the world around us.
- Counterfactual thinking is more common in individualistic cultures.
Cultural Differences
- Individualistic cultures are more characteristic of automatic thinking, while collectivist cultures are more characteristic of controlled thinking.
- Cultural differences in attentional processes influence how people perceive and process information.
Other Concepts
- Embodied cognition is the process of understanding the world through bodily experiences.
- The self-fulfilling prophecy is the case where people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cognitive biases with this quiz! Explore the concept of salience, limited experience, and familiarity in decision-making. Challenge yourself with examples from Tversky & Kahneman's famous study.
