44 Questions
Who arrived at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight?
Both Mr. Crane and Mr. Tees
Who was told that his flight left on time?
Mr. Crane
Who was told that his flight was delayed and just left five minutes ago?
Mr. Tees
Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
Influence memory processes
What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
Priming
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Which heuristic is based on judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind?
Availability heuristic
Which heuristic is based on making classifications based on similarity to typical cases?
Representativeness heuristic
In the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example, what is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician?
Librarian
Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
Analytic thinking style
What is counterfactual thinking?
Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
Intuitive Thinking
What are schemas?
Mental structures that influence how people think about themselves and the social world
What is the main focus of social cognition?
How people think about themselves and the social world
Which mode of thinking is quick, reflexive, and often relies on 'hunches'?
Intuitive Thinking (System 1)
What is the term for mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world?
Schemas
Which mode of thinking is slow, reflective, and requires mental effort?
Analytical Thinking (System 2)
What is the term for nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless forms of thought?
Automatic Thinking
Which mode of thinking is deliberate and requires mental effort?
Controlled Thinking
What are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world and influence the information they notice, think about, and remember?
Schemas
What is the term for the understanding of the world around us that is quick and automatic?
Automatic Thinking
Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on embodied cognition?
Head nodding increasing persuasiveness of messages
What is the term for mental shortcuts used to make judgments quickly and efficiently?
Representativeness heuristic
Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas become accessible?
Chronic unavailability
What is the term for the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
Priming
Which of the following is NOT a function of schemas?
Influence interpretation
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Which of the following is an example of automatic thinking based on heuristics?
Judgments made based on the ease of information recall
What is the availability heuristic based on?
Judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind
Which thinking style is more characteristic of collectivist cultures?
Holistic thinking style
What is controlled thinking?
Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful
What are the factors that bias our thinking according to the text?
Salience, limited experience, and feelings of familiarity
What is counterfactual thinking?
Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
What is the cultural difference in attentional processes according to the text?
Asian people detect more changes in contextual information
What is the main focus of automatic thinking according to the text?
Making judgments or decisions based on the ease with which information comes to mind
Who is more upset, Mr. Crane or Mr. Tees?
Mr. Tees
What is the main purpose of counterfactual thinking?
To prepare for the future
What is the overconfidence barrier?
Having too much confidence in the accuracy of judgments
What is the recommended approach to improve judgment?
Consider other opinions
Which mode of thinking requires little mental effort and is often based on 'hunches'?
Automatic thinking
What is the term for the case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What is the likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician in the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example?
Most likely a farmer
Which thinking style is more characteristic of individualistic cultures?
Analytical thinking
What is the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept?
Priming
Study Notes
Social Cognition
- A person who arrives at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight will be told that their flight left on time.
- Another person who arrives at the airport 30 minutes after the scheduled departure time of their flight will be told that their flight was delayed and just left five minutes ago.
Schemas
- Schemas perform various functions, but NOT the function of increasing the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept.
- Schemas are mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world.
- Schemas influence the information people notice, think about, and remember.
- Schemas become accessible through recent experiences, priming, and context.
Thinking Styles
- Analytical thinking is slow, reflective, and requires mental effort.
- Automatic thinking is quick, reflexive, and often relies on 'hunches'.
- Controlled thinking is deliberate and requires mental effort.
- Automatic thinking is more characteristic of individualistic cultures, while controlled thinking is more characteristic of collectivist cultures.
Heuristics
- The availability heuristic is based on judgments or decisions made based on the ease with which information comes to mind.
- The representativeness heuristic is based on making classifications based on similarity to typical cases.
- The likelihood that Steve is a farmer, salesman, pilot, librarian, or physician in the Tversky & Kahneman (1974) example is low.
Social Cognition Biases
- The overconfidence barrier is a bias that occurs when people are too confident in their judgments.
- The recommended approach to improve judgment is to consider alternative perspectives.
- Factors that bias our thinking include schemas, heuristics, and cultural differences in attentional processes.
Counterfactual Thinking
- Counterfactual thinking is the process of imagining alternative outcomes or scenarios.
- The main purpose of counterfactual thinking is to understand the world around us.
- Counterfactual thinking is more common in individualistic cultures.
Cultural Differences
- Individualistic cultures are more characteristic of automatic thinking, while collectivist cultures are more characteristic of controlled thinking.
- Cultural differences in attentional processes influence how people perceive and process information.
Other Concepts
- Embodied cognition is the process of understanding the world through bodily experiences.
- The self-fulfilling prophecy is the case where people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which, in turn, causes that person to behave consistently with their original expectations.
Test your knowledge on cognitive biases with this quiz! Explore the concept of salience, limited experience, and familiarity in decision-making. Challenge yourself with examples from Tversky & Kahneman's famous study.
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