The Clavicle: Structure, Function, and Injuries

The Clavicle: Structure, Function, and Injuries

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a bone located between the sternum (breastbone) and the acromion process of the scapula (shoulder blade). It plays a crucial role in connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton, providing support and stability to the shoulder joint.

Anatomy and Structure

The clavicle is an S-shaped bone, approximately 7 cm in length. Its shape allows it to serve as a lever arm for the muscles acting across the shoulder joint and provides a site of attachment for muscles involved in movements of the upper limb. The clavicle consists of three parts: the sternal end, middle portion, and acromial end. The middle portion is the widest and contains a cartilaginous region called the clavicular physis, which is responsible for its growth during childhood and adolescence.

Functions

The primary function of the clavicle is to protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Additionally, it serves as a site of attachment for muscles involved in elevating the arms and supporting the shoulders. The clavicle helps maintain correct positioning of the scapula and facilitates movement of the upper limb.

Common Injuries

Fractures

Fractures of the clavicle are common and typically occur from falls onto an outstretched hand or direct blows to the shoulder region. Most fractures heal with appropriate management, which includes immobilization using a sling or shoulder immobilizer, pain relief medication, and sometimes physical therapy to restore strength and flexibility.

Non-Union

In some cases, healing of clavicle fractures may fail, resulting in a condition called non-union. This occurs when the fracture remains displaced and does not heal properly despite adequate treatment. Non-union can lead to chronic pain, reduced range of motion, and increased susceptibility to further injury.

Shortening

Shortening of the clavicle can result from trauma or congenital conditions and may contribute to functional limitations and changes in the shoulder complex. Corrective measures, such as surgical intervention, may be necessary to address the consequences of clavicle shortening.