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Questions and Answers
Which of the following types of leukocytes are classified as polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
Which of the following types of leukocytes are classified as polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
What type of granules are present in all leukocytes?
What type of granules are present in all leukocytes?
What is the primary function of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
What is the primary function of polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
What percentage of circulating leukocytes do neutrophils constitute?
What percentage of circulating leukocytes do neutrophils constitute?
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Which of the following statements about specific granules is correct?
Which of the following statements about specific granules is correct?
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What type of muscle is responsible for the heart's ability to contract?
What type of muscle is responsible for the heart's ability to contract?
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Which layer of the heart wall is the innermost and consists of unique epithelial tissue?
Which layer of the heart wall is the innermost and consists of unique epithelial tissue?
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What does the coronary sulcus separate?
What does the coronary sulcus separate?
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Which artery is located in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
Which artery is located in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
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What is a characteristic of the posterior interventricular sulcus?
What is a characteristic of the posterior interventricular sulcus?
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Which structure is NOT contained within the coronary sulcus?
Which structure is NOT contained within the coronary sulcus?
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Which sulcus separates the two ventricles of the heart?
Which sulcus separates the two ventricles of the heart?
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What is the primary function of the basal lamina in blood vessels?
What is the primary function of the basal lamina in blood vessels?
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Which layer separates the intima from the media in arteries?
Which layer separates the intima from the media in arteries?
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Which type of blood vessels contain vasa vasorum?
Which type of blood vessels contain vasa vasorum?
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What is the only branch of the ascending aorta that supplies the heart?
What is the only branch of the ascending aorta that supplies the heart?
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Which characteristic is true regarding capillaries?
Which characteristic is true regarding capillaries?
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Which artery bifuricates into the right subclavian and common carotid arteries?
Which artery bifuricates into the right subclavian and common carotid arteries?
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What type of capillary is characterized by pores allowing for greater permeability?
What type of capillary is characterized by pores allowing for greater permeability?
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Which part of the aorta descends through the thoracic and abdominal regions?
Which part of the aorta descends through the thoracic and abdominal regions?
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What branches off the common carotid artery at the superior border of the larynx?
What branches off the common carotid artery at the superior border of the larynx?
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What is a major feature of continuous capillaries?
What is a major feature of continuous capillaries?
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What is the implication of thin walls and slow blood flow in capillaries?
What is the implication of thin walls and slow blood flow in capillaries?
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Which arteries supply blood to the brain?
Which arteries supply blood to the brain?
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Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the aorta?
Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the aorta?
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Which of the following statements about the tunica media is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the tunica media is accurate?
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Which artery is described as ascending upwards in the neck lateral to the trachea?
Which artery is described as ascending upwards in the neck lateral to the trachea?
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What distinguishes fenestrated capillaries from continuous capillaries?
What distinguishes fenestrated capillaries from continuous capillaries?
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Which structure forms from the paired vertebral arteries?
Which structure forms from the paired vertebral arteries?
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Which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries branch from?
Which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries branch from?
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Study Notes
The Circulatory System
- Divided into two main parts: the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels
- The lymphatic system includes lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs and lymph
Major Parts of the Cardiovascular System
- Blood: a specialized fluid connective tissue, more viscous than water, slightly sticky
- Functions: transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, wastes; regulates pH, body temperature and water content of cells; protects against blood loss and disease
Components of Blood
- Plasma: 55%, primarily water, with proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, regulatory proteins, and waste products
- Formed elements (cells): 45%, including erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Lack nuclei and organelles
- Contain hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein, contributing to 33% of cell weight
- Biconcave disks for a large surface area to volume ratio and facilitate gas exchange
- Life span of approximately 120 days
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
- Two main classifications:
- Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear): Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (contain granules)
- Agranulocytes (mononuclear): Lymphocytes, monocytes (lack granules)
- Neutrophils: Constitute 60-70% of circulating leukocytes, highly dynamic, active phagocytes
- Eosinophils: Constitute 2-4% of leukocytes, cytotoxic effects on parasites, increased in allergic reactions
- Basophils: Less than 0.5-1% of leukocytes, contain granules of heparin and histamine (inflammation mediators)
- Lymphocytes: Constitute 20-25% of WBCs, agranular, play a key role in the immune system
- Monocytes: Constitute 3-8% of WBCs, largest of WBCs, differentiate into macrophages
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Non-nucleated, disk-like cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes
- Play a role in clot formation (blood clotting) to prevent loss
- Normal count: 200,000-400,000 per μL of blood
- Life span: approximately 10 days
The Heart
- A muscular organ with four chambers: right and left atria, right and left ventricles
- Protected by the pericardium, a fibrous sac around the heart
- Major parts include the pericardium (fibrous and serous), layers of the heart wall (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium), sulci (coronal, interventricular), and valves (atrioventricular and semilunar)
- Blood supply through the coronary arteries
Conducting System of the Heart
- Specialized system for rhythmic heart contractions
- Includes the Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
Blood Vessels
- Three layers (tunics): tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
- Arteries: carry blood away from the heart, thick tunica media
- Veins: carry blood back to the heart, thin tunica media
- Capillaries: the smallest vessels for exchange of materials between blood and tissues; thin walls, one cell layer thick, three types of capillaries
Arteries of the body
- Aorta: main artery, divided into ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta (thoracic and abdominal)
- Coronary arteries: supply the heart muscle
- Arteries of the neck and head: internal and external carotid arteries, vertebral arteries
- Arteries of the upper limbs: subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries
- Arteries of the lower limbs: common iliac, internal iliac, external iliac, femoral, popliteal, tibial, and peroneal arteries
Branches of the abdominal aorta
- Three unpaired branches: celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
- Several paired and unpaired branches
Venous Drainage of the Body
- Systemic veins return blood back to the heart, draining into the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
- Hepatic portal system: unique drainage system for the digestive tract to the liver
Fetal Circulation
- Different circulatory pathways in a developing fetus, with several important shunts to bypass the lungs
- Shunts: foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus
Lymphatic System
- System of vessels, nodes, and organs that supports the immune system and fluid balance
- Functions: fluid balance, absorption of fats, immunity
Lymph Nodes
- Filter lymph; vital for immune response; found throughout the body along lymphatic pathways; important for purifying fluid before it returns to the blood
- Types of lymph nodes: Cervical, Axillary, Inguinal
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Description
This quiz covers the key components and functions of the circulatory system, including the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. Learn about blood composition, functions of plasma and formed elements, and the role of erythrocytes in oxygen transport.
