The Circulatory System

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Questions and Answers

How does the lymphatic system contribute to the overall function of the circulatory system?

  • It directly facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within tissues.
  • It assists in the distribution of nutrients to individual cells within tissues.
  • It propels blood throughout the body, acting as a secondary pump to the heart.
  • It drains excess fluid from the tissues and returns it to the bloodstream. (correct)

If the microcirculation were severely compromised, which physiological consequence would most likely arise first?

  • A rapid increase in the delivery of nutrients to tissues, causing cellular hyperactivation.
  • An immediate collapse of the venous network, leading to widespread blood pooling.
  • A systemic buildup of metabolic waste products in tissues, impairing cellular function. (correct)
  • A significant drop in overall blood pressure due to increased vascular resistance.

In what critical way does the arterial network support the circulatory system's function differently from the venous network?

  • Arteries facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products at the capillary level, while veins primarily transport immune cells.
  • Arteries collect deoxygenated blood and transport it to the lungs for oxygenation, while veins distribute oxygenated blood to the tissues.
  • Arteries distribute blood away from the heart to the body's tissues, while veins return blood from the tissues back to the heart. (correct)
  • Arteries regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, while veins maintain a constant vessel diameter.

How does the structure of the circulatory system support its function of maintaining homeostasis within the body?

<p>The closed-loop design allows for regulated distribution of nutrients and waste removal, maintaining a stable internal environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vascular endothelium?

<p>Physical barrier and active mediator of fluid distribution, hemostasis, inflammation, and healing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interstitium is best described as:

<p>The medium through which metabolic products pass between the microcirculation and cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force primarily moves fluid out of the vasculature?

<p>Hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines water distribution between plasma and the interstitium?

<p>Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma proteins in fluid balance?

<p>They create oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the vasculature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is edema?

<p>The accumulation of excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which fluid compartment does edema occur?

<p>Interstitial space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of edema?

<p>Inflammatory, non-inflammatory/generalized and non-inflammatory/local</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind inflammatory edema?

<p>Increased endothelial permeability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of non-inflammatory/generalized edema?

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure and reduced oncotic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of non-inflammatory/local edema?

<p>Failure of lymphatic clearance and venous occlusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of edema?

<p>Dependent upon the extent, location and duration, and the tissue may become firm and distorted due to an increase in fibrous CT after prolonged edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of increased hydrostatic pressure leading to generalized edema?

<p>Right-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tightly bandaged limb can result in localized edema due to:

<p>Venous occlusion impairing venous blood flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism behind edema caused by hypoproteinemia?

<p>Decreased plasma colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to hypoproteinemia?

<p>Liver failure, protein loss, and GI malabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of edema is typically caused by lymphatic obstruction or damage?

<p>Localized edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to lymphatic obstruction and localized edema?

<p>Surgery, neoplasms, and inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is associated with non-inflammatory edema, such as that caused by congestive heart failure or hypoproteinemia?

<p>Transudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of inflammatory edema?

<p>Increased vascular permeability, known as exudate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the gross appearance of edema.

<p>wet, gelatinous and heavy, swollen organs, fluid weeps from cut surfaces, may be yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe edema in the ventral abdomen/thorax?

<p>Brisket edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe edema in the ventral cervical or mandibular region?

<p>Bottle jaw (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

"Stocking up" refers to edema in which location?

<p>Subcutis of the limbs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of pitting edema?

<p>A depression or dent forms when pressure is applied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics are associated with the histological appearance of edema?

<p>Spaces are distended, blood vessels may be filled with RBC, lymphatics are dilated, collagen bundles are separated, eosinophilic if inflammatory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What edema term is this description describing: Generalized edema with profuse accumulation of fluid within the subcutaneous tissue (in utero viral infections)

<p>Anasarca</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary edema is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in which specific locations?

<p>The interstitium and alveoli of the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical gross morphological finding in an animal with pulmonary edema?

<p>Swollen, heavy lungs with fluid-distended interlobular septa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best demonstrates the progression of fluid accumulation in the early stages of pulmonary edema?

<p>Fluid accumulates equally in all lung structures from the outset. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macroscopic feature of pulmonary edema primarily accounts for the increased weight of the affected lungs?

<p>The air trapped within enlarged alveoli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the distribution of fluid in the interlobular septa helpful in identifying pulmonary edema during gross examination?

<p>Fluid distension makes the septa more prominent and easily visible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cases of pulmonary edema, froth is often observed in the airways. What components contribute to the formation of this froth?

<p>Blood and necrotic debris. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pulmonary edema is associated with right sided heart failure

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

left sided heart failure is due to —> ___________ in pulmonary circulation ——-> non inflammatory edema.

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic histological finding in chronic pulmonary edema associated with cardiac failure?

<p>Thickened alveolar walls and fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells accumulate in the lungs in chronic pulmonary edema due to heart failure?

<p>Heart failure cells (hemosiderin-laden macrophages) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of permeability edema?

<p>Viral infections, toxins, or sepsis leading to increased vascular permeability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the causes of cerebral edema?

<p>Trauma to the brain, obstruction of venous outflow, inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gross appearance of Cerebral edema?

<p>Brain is heavier than normal, sulci are narrow and gyro are swollen and flattened</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of cerebral edema?

<p>Cerebral herniation beneath the tentorium cerebelli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cerebellar coning?

<p>Herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key histological feature of cerebral edema?

<p>Expansion of the Virchow-Robin spaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prolonged cerebral edema affect the tissue?

<p>Causes an increase in fibrous connective tissue, making the tissue firm and distorted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The clinical significance of cerebral edema depends on:

<p>The extent, location, and duration of the edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperemia is an _____ process

<p>Active</p> Signup and view all the answers

Congestion is a _____ process

<p>Passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperemia and congestion indicate a local increase in blood volume and flow within the vascular bed

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of physiological hyperemia?

<p>Digestion, exercise and to dissipate heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of pathological hyperemia?

<p>Arteriolar dilation occurs secondary to inflammatory stimuli (inflammatory mediators), redness, and often associated with edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the gross findings of hyperemia?

<p>Red coloration, swelling, warmth, and localized change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological findings are associated with hyperemia?

<p>Capillaries and arterioles are dilated and filled with blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is often seen in histological samples of hyperemia?

<p>Edema and inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physiological effect of hyperemia?

<p>Hastens the movement of metabolites into an area and flushes catabolites from the area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of congestion?

<p>Passive engorgement of vascular beds due to decreased blood outflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color changes are typically seen in congested tissues?

<p>Dark red to blue/black (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two factors are used to classify types of congestion?

<p>Duration (acute or chronic) and extent (localized or generalized)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a gross finding of congestion?

<p>Cut surfaces ooze blood and are often wet due to accompanying edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological findings are associated with acute congestion?

<p>Engorged capillaries with or without edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

What histological findings are associated with chronic congestion?

<p>Hypoxia, cellular atrophy, and cellular degeneration/necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of chronic congestion?

<p>Hypoxia and accumulation of catabolites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication may arise from prolonged congestion?

<p>Thrombosis of congested veins and connective tissue proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subacute to chronic hepatic congestion is the result of right-sided congestive heart failure

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hepatic congestion due to Right sided heart failure is due to increased oncotic pressure in systemic circulation

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is blood?

Fluid that transports nutrients and waste.

What is the central pump of the circulatory system?

The heart.

What is the arterial network?

Distribution network carrying blood away from the heart

What is the venous network?

Collection network returning blood back to the heart

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What is microcirculation?

Area of nutrient and waste exchange between blood and tissue.

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Pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitium and alveoli of the lungs.

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Gross appearance of pulmonary edema

Swollen, heavy, and wet lungs; distended interlobular septa; froth in airways.

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Significance of pulmonary edema

A frequent cause of death in many disease processes.

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Study Notes

  • The circulatory system comprises blood, a central pump (heart), arterial and venous networks for blood distribution and collection, and the microcirculation that facilitates nutrient and waste exchange between blood and tissue
  • Lymphatics, a network of vessels mirroring the veins, aids circulation by channeling fluid from extravascular spaces into the blood vascular system

Pulmonary Edema

  • Pulmonary edema involves fluid accumulation in the interstitium and alveoli of the lungs.
  • It is a common cause of death in various disease processes.
  • In pulmonary edema, lungs appear swollen, heavy, and wet.
  • Interlobular septa become distended with fluid.
  • Froth is present in the airways of the cut lung surface.

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