Circulatory System and Lymphatic Function Quiz

Large arteries with thick walls rich in elastic fibers, like the aorta. They help maintain blood pressure during diastole, ensuring continuous blood flow.

Medium-sized arteries with more smooth muscle, allowing them to regulate blood flow to specific organs.

Tiny arteries with one or two layers of smooth muscle, directly responsible for regulating blood flow into capillaries.

Short vessels connecting arterioles to capillaries, featuring discontinuous smooth muscle, aiding in regulating blood flow to individual capillaries.

Thin-walled vessels where gas and nutrient exchange happens between blood and tissues. Made of a single layer of endothelial cells.

The contraction phase of the heart, where the heart muscle squeezes and pumps out blood.

The relaxation phase of the heart, where the heart muscle relaxes and fills with blood.

A network of blood vessels that connects two capillary beds, allowing blood to pass through two capillary systems before returning to the heart.

A connection between two blood vessels, creating an alternative pathway for blood flow.

An artery that supplies a specific area without any other arterial supply, making it a vital connection for blood flow. If blocked, it can lead to tissue damage.

The primary lymphoid organ where hematopoiesis occurs, generating various blood cells, including the precursors of T and B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes complete their development here, becoming immunocompetent.

The primary lymphoid organ responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation, where they learn to recognize foreign antigens and develop their immune functions.

A process during T-cell development in the thymus where T cells that recognize self MHC molecules are eliminated, preventing autoimmune attacks. This ensures the immune system doesn't attack its own body.

A process during T-cell development in the thymus where T cells that bind to MHC molecules presenting self antigens are eliminated, preventing autoimmune reactions. This further ensures the immune system is tolerant of the body's own cells.

A phenomenon where the thymus gradually shrinks with age, leading to reduced T-cell production. This is a natural process, and its size is inversely proportional to the individual's age.

Veins have three layers (intima, media, externa), though the arrangement varies depending on their location. The muscular layer is more prominent in veins in the lower body, which helps with blood flow.

A vein is a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and a larger lumen than arteries.

About 80% of veins have valves. These are like tiny doors that prevent blood from flowing backwards. They are crucial for returning blood to the heart.

Varicosities are irregular and enlarged veins. DVT is a deep vein thrombosis, a blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the leg. Thrombophlebitis is a blood clot that causes inflammation in a vein.

Veins use muscle contractions, anastomatic connections (connections between veins), and the pumping action of the heart to help blood flow back to the heart.

The largest lymphatic vessel in the body, carrying lymph from the lower body, abdomen, and left side of the chest. It starts under the cisterna chyli and empties into the left venous angle, where it joins the subclavian and jugular veins.

A smaller lymphatic vessel that drains lymph mainly from the right upper body, including the right arm, head, and neck. It empties into the right venous angle, where it joins the subclavian and jugular veins.

Collections of lymphatic tissue, primarily in the mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts. They contain mature but naive T and B lymphocytes, which can encounter and respond to specific antigens.

Specialized vessels within lymphatic organs that allow lymphocytes to leave the blood vessels and enter the lymphatic tissue to encounter antigens. They have special adhesion molecules that help lymphocytes to cross the vessel wall.

A condition where lymph drainage is impaired due to malfunctioning lymphatic vessels. This can lead to swelling in the affected area, commonly in the arms or legs.

Vasomotorika is the dynamic regulation of blood vessel diameter, a crucial action controlled by the nervous system and local factors.

Sympathetic nerve activity is like a switch: Increased activity constricts blood vessels, while decreased activity causes dilation.

Pressoreceptors sense vessel stretching, providing feedback to the brain about blood pressure, while chemoreceptors monitor O₂ and CO₂ levels.

ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure.

Adrenergic receptor blockers reduce the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, hindering vasoconstriction.

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

The ductus venosus is a blood vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, allowing oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal liver.

The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the fetal heart, allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal lungs.

The ductus arteriosus is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, diverting most of the blood away from the fetal lungs.

The tunica externa is the outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of elastic fibers and collagenous tissue. It helps to anchor the vessel to surrounding structures.

The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel, composed of smooth muscle cells. This layer helps regulate blood vessel diameter and blood flow.

The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel, composed of endothelial cells. It provides a smooth lining that minimizes friction as blood flows through the vessel.

The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for gas exchange.

A dark, generating center within the follicle, formed from B-lymphoblasts. It's crucial for B-cell proliferation and differentiation.

A layer surrounding the germinal center, it plays a role in B-cell development.

Contains a germinal center (darker staining) and a mantle zone (lighter staining), a key site of B-cell activity.

Present in secondary follicles, they interact with B lymphocytes, assisting in immune responses.

Aggregated lymphoid nodules, located within lymphoid organs, and contribute to immune system function.

Describes the flow of blood within the lymphatic system. Arteries are efferent (carrying blood away), and veins are afferent (carrying blood towards).

The middle layer of blood vessel walls, important for maintaining blood vessel construction and vascular tension.

The innermost layer of blood vessel walls, crucial for filtering and absorbing materials in the blood.

Lymphatic vessels are a network of tubes that collect interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) and return it to the bloodstream. They also transport fats from the digestive system.

Lymphatic capillaries are the smallest lymphatic vessels. They have thin walls and are permeable to large molecules, allowing them to collect fluid, immune cells, and pathogens from tissues.

Lymphatic vessels are larger than lymphatic capillaries and have valves to prevent backflow. They transport lymph, the fluid collected by the lymphatic system.

Lymphatic trunks are large vessels that collect lymph from specific regions of the body. There are five main trunks: lumbar, intestinal, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular.

Lymphatic ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels in the body. They receive lymph from the trunks and empty into the venous system. There are two main ducts: the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.

Lymphangion is a functional unit of a lymphatic vessel. It's like a segment of a vein containing valves to prevent backflow.

Lymph is the fluid collected by the lymphatic system. It contains interstitial fluid, immune cells, and sometimes pathogens.

Kilus is a milky lymph rich in fats, typically from the digestive system. It's transported by the lymphatic system and eventually enters the bloodstream.

The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the body's defense against pathogens. It transports immune cells to infected areas and helps to filter out harmful substances.

The lymphatic system is closely associated with the circulatory system. Lymphatic vessels drain excess fluid from the tissues and return it to the bloodstream.

These capillaries have tight junctions between their endothelial cells, resulting in the lowest permeability, allowing only small molecules to pass through. They are found in most tissues.

These capillaries have 'windows' or pores in their endothelial cells, making them more permeable than continuous capillaries. This enables them to facilitate rapid absorption or secretion, as found in the intestinal villi and endocrine glands.

These capillaries have large fenestrations and an incomplete basal lamina, making them the most permeable type. They allow the passage of even large molecules, contributing to their role in crucial organs like the liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs.

The exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between blood and surrounding tissues is a primary function of capillaries. This vital exchange ensures proper cellular functioning throughout the body.

Capillaries play a crucial role in regulating blood flow to different parts of the body. Factors like precapillary sphincters, which are tiny muscles surrounding capillaries, regulate blood flow.

Capillaries facilitate the movement of immune cells, especially white blood cells, from the blood to the sites of infection or injury. This enables the immune system to respond effectively to threats.

The capillaries in the brain are tightly regulated to protect the central nervous system from harmful substances. This selective barrier is crucial for brain function.

Lipid-soluble substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass through easily via simple diffusion, while water-soluble substances require pores to move across the capillary walls.